HCI H1 HIST 8814

This document consists of 3 printed pages. Excluding the cover page. HWA CHONG INSTITUTION JC2 Preliminary Examination Higher 1 HISTORY International History, c. 1945 – 2000 Additional Materials: Answer Paper 8814 10 September 2018 3 hours INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES Write your name and CT class clearly on every sheet of writing paper submitted. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Attempt both Section A and Section B. Attempt one question from Section A and only three questions from Section B. Please start every question on a fresh sheet of paper and label each question clearly. If you did not manage to complete a question, please hand in a piece of blank paper with your name and CT on it. At the end of the examination, fasten your responses with the string provided together. All questions in this paper carry equal marks.

8814/HCI/PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION/2018 1 Section A You must answer Question 1. UN Peacekeeping during the Cold War 1. Read the sources and then answer the question. Source A UN Peacekeeping was born at a time when Cold War rivalries frequently paralyzed the Security Council. Peacekeeping was primarily limited to maintaining ceasefires and stabilizing situations on the ground, providing crucial support for political efforts to resolve conflict by peaceful means. Those missions consisted of unarmed military observers and lightly armed troops with primarily monitoring, reporting and confidence-building roles. In 1988, UN peacekeepers were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. At that time, the Nobel Committee cited “the Peacekeeping Forces through their efforts have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations. Thus, the world organization has come to play a more central part in world affairs and has been invested with increasing trust”. Extract from the UN website Source B The essence of peacekeeping is the use of soldiers as a catalyst for peace rather than as the instruments of war. It is in fact the exact o pposite of the military action against aggression foreseen in Chapter VII of the charter. Although the arms race continues, it would seem that the majority of nations have, in practice, opted for the rule of international authority and law in their relations with each other. The only sanction for this authority is usually persuasion, the moral force of international authority and diplomatic pressure. In addition, international authority can be symbolized in conflict areas by non-fighting soldiers, the UN’s peacekeepers. These are soldiers without enemies. Their duty is to remain above the conflict. They may only use their weapons in the last resort for self-defense. Their strength is that, representing the will of the international community, they provide an honorable alternative to war and a useful pretext for peace. Their presence is often the essential prerequisite for negotiating a settlement. They have, or should have, a direct connection with the process of peacemaking. Javier Perez de Cuellar in a speech, 1989

8814/HCI/PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION/2018 2 Source C The basic framework for a system of international peace and security has existed ever since the UN Charter was signed in 1945, but until very recently it was largely frustrated by the Cold War. The Security Council has, so far, tended to be haphazard in its approach to conflict. It has been inclined to react only when disasters have already happened rather than concentrating on trying to prevent them. Govern ments, especially the most powerful ones, have generally tended to treat it casually. Brian Urquhart in an article, 1992 Source D After 1945, the ambitious scheme for collective security in Chapter VII of the UN Charter was not implemented. The most obvious reason was the inability of the Permanent Members of the Security Council to reach across the Cold War divide. Article 43 agreements, necessary to place national forces at the disposal of the UN, were never implemented. The immediate problem was ideological mistrust, but there has also been an underlying reluctance on the part of states to see their forces committed to participate in distant, controversial and risky military operations without their express consent and command. An academic in a book, 1993. Source E For all its failures there is no question that Chapter VI peacekeeping has been the most important contribution made by the UN to international peace and security over the past thirty- five years or so. However, the system has three inherent defects. First, the fact that a force or observer group is dependent on the acquiescence of the parties is a serious weakness… Second, because of their peacekeeping rather than enforcement task, forces have been lightly armed and their rules of engagement have been effectively excluded opening fire except in immediate self-defence. Thirdly, peacekeeping has been infected by the East/West disease. Until 1987 the Soviet Union took the view that any military action taken by the UN outside Chapter VII would be beyond its legal authority. Hence Soviet refusal to contribute financially to peacekeeping has on occasion brought the UN to bankruptcy. Soviet complaints have consistently undermined discussion in the Security Council and restricted the initiative of the Secretary-General. Sir Anthony Parsons in a newspaper article written in 1989. Now answer the following question. How far do Sources A – E support the view that peacekeeping during the Cold War was ineffective? [25 marks]

8814/HCI/PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION/2018 3 Section B You must answer three questions from this section. 2 How valid is the argument that Stalin’s security calculations was the reason for the start of the Cold War in Europe? [25 marks] 3 To what extent was the Korean War a consequence of the ideological competition between the USA and USSR? [25 marks] 4 How important was the USA in the global economy between 1945 and 2000? [25 marks] 5 “The effects of religious fundamentalism can be argued to be a local and regional problem, rather than a global one.” Discuss. [25 marks] 6 How far would you agree that the conflict between India and Pakistan over Kashmir since 1947 was caused by pursuit of narrow nationalist interests? [25 marks] END of PAPER