ACJC H1 HIST SEAH P2

© ACJC 2018 9752/02/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/18 1 e ANGLO-CHINESE JUNIOR COLLEGE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS HISTORY 9752/02 Paper 2 Making of Independent Southeast Asia (Independence–2000) 27 August 2018 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your class, index number, and name on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. Begin each question on a fresh sheet of paper. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question This document consists of 5 printed pages. © ACJC History Department 2018 [Turn over

© ACJC 2018 9752/02/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/18 2 Section A You must answer Question 1. RELATIONS BETWEEN SOUTHEAST ASIAN STATES 1 Read the sources and then answer the questions, which follow. Source A ASEAN’s irrelevance or even death has been predicted several times before. At its birth in 1967, few people thought it would live to see another decade: The Malaysia-Philippines dispute over Sabah in 1969, the aftermath of the US withdrawal from Indochina in 1975 and the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1979. But ASEAN not only survived, it actually grew a bit stronger each time. But surviving is not necessarily thriving. Another question about ASEAN’s future is what the state of intra-ASEAN relations will be. The ongoing skirmishes on the Thai-Cambodian border do not inspire confidence. Simmering rivalries and mistrust continue to cloud relationships between Singapore and Malaysia, Thailand and Burma, and Malaysia and Thailand. But this is a far cry from the 1960s and 1970s, and there is every reason to hope that these intra- ASEAN conflicts will not doom the organisation. They would need, however, to be managed carefully, especially with the help of existing and new mechanisms that ASEAN is currently seeking to develop. Adapted from an article by an expert on international relations from an American university, 2011. Source B A political cartoon by a Singaporean cartoonist featured on a US-based website, 2014.

© ACJC 2018 9752/02/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/18 3 Source C Recognizing that the maintenance of regional peace and stability served the interests of all parties, they undertook to resolve their differences or disputes through peaceful means, without resorting to the threat or use of force, The parties concerned agreed to resolve their disputes in the South China Sea through friendly consultations and negotiations in accordance with universally recognized international law, including the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. While continuing efforts to find solutions, they agreed to explore ways for cooperation in the areas concerned. In the interest of promoting peace and stability as well as enhancing mutual confidence in the region, the parties concerned agreed to continue to exercise self-restraint and handle relevant differenc es in a cool and constructive manner. They further agreed not to allow existing differences to hamper the development of friendly relations and cooperation. An extract from the Joint Statement of the Meeting of Heads of State of the Member States of ASEAN and the President of the People's Republic of China signed in Malaysia, 1997. Source D ASEAN’s viability was in doubt during the first two years of its existence because the Philippines decided to revive the Sabah claim through a Parliamentary Act in 1968. The already fragile foundation of ASEAN was thus eroded to the extent that the formation of a rival association was suggested. ASEAN survived, however, and grew slowly, despite the strains and stresses, not because the members gave strong support to it, but because they realized how important it was to keep it alive during a period of great uncertainty for the region. Inter-state disputes had to be subdued; otherwise continuous tension would lead to crises involving the major powers. What has ASEAN accomplished in the past ten years? During the first four years, nothing of substance was achieved, because much time and effort had to be directed at tearing down the “psychological barriers” – i.e., distrust among the member nations. Adapted from an academic article reviewing ASEAN’s progress in its first ten years, 1977. Source E 2. The deliberations were held in a frank manner and in a most cordial atmosphere in keeping with the spirit of friendship prevailing in the various meetings held between President Sukarno of the Republic of Indonesia, and Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra of the Federation of Malaya, and President Diosdado Macapagal. This Ministerial Conference was a manifestation of the determination of the nations in this region to achieve closer cooperation in their endeavour to chart their common future. 3. The Ministers were of one mind that the three countries share a primary responsibility for the maintenance of the stability and security of the area fr om subversion in any form or manifestation in order to preserve their respective national identities, and to ensure the peaceful development of their respective countries and of their region, in accordance with the ideals and aspirations of their peoples. Adapted from the Manila Accord signed on July 31, 1963.

© ACJC 2018 9752/02/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/18 4 Source F South-East Asia has had more than its share of regional organisations through the decades. Maphilindo comprising Malaya, Philippines and Indonesia was yet another attempt by South-East Asian countries to create an organisation of, for, and by the countries of the region themselves. Maphilindo came on the eve of Malaysia’s formation, with the undeclared purpose by Macapagal’s Philippines and Sukarno’s Indonesia to thwart the creation of Malaysia. Indonesia had its confrontation ( konfrontasi) policy against Malaysia, while the Philippines pursued its claim to Sabah. With Maphilindo’s hidden purpose known to Malaya, it suffered from neglect and died an early death. Adapted from an article in a Malaysian newspaper by a Malaysian think-tank. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided in Sources E and F on the motivations of Malaya and the Philippines for cooperation in the early 1960s. [10] (b) To what extent do Sources A-F support the view that efforts at regional cooperation between Southeast Asian states from 1945-2000 have been unsuccessful? [30]

© ACJC 2018 9752/02/JC2 Preliminary Examinations/18 5 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. Remember to support each answer with examples drawn from at least three countries. EITHER 2 “Stability in independent Southeast Asian states was only achieved by authoritarian governments.” How far do you agree? [30] OR 3 Assess the claim that nation-building policies resulted in more failures than successes in the independent Southeast Asian states. [30] AND EITHER 4 “Economic development in independent Southeast Asian states was only promoted through the role of the government.” How far do you agree? [30] OR 5 Assess if the impact of the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis was more s