SAJC H1 HIST 8821

© SAJC 2018 8821/01/J2/Prelims/18 ST ANDREW’S JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 Preliminary Examination General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 1 HISTORY Paper 1: The Cold War and the Modern World (1945-2000) 8821/01 29 August 2018 3 hours Additional Materials: Answer Paper READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and class on all the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams, graphs or rough working. Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE IN ANY BARCODES. Section A Answer Question 1. Section B Answer two questions. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. _________________________________________________________________________ This document consists of 5 printed pages and 1 blank page. [Turn Over

3 © SAJC 2018 8821/01/J2/Prelims/18 Section A You must answer Question 1. End of Bipolarity 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A In the West today, we see a free world that has achieved a level of prosperity and well-being unprecedented in all human history. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind - food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. And now the Soviets themselves may be coming to understand the importance of freedom. We hear much from Moscow about a new policy of reform and openness. Certain foreign news broadcasts are no longer being jammed. Some economic enterprises have been permitted to operate with greater freedom from state control. Are these the beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalisation: Come here to this gate! Mr Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr Gorbachev, tear down this wall! Ronald Reagan at the Brandenburg Gate, West Berlin, 12 June 1987. Source B As for the foreign policy aspect, there was the East-West confrontation, a rigid division into friends and foes, the two hostile camps with a corresponding set of Cold War attributes. Both the East and the West were constrained by the logic of military confrontation, wearing themselves down more and more by the arms race. The mere thought of dismantling the existing structures did not come easily. However, the realisation that we faced the inevitable disaster, both domestically and internationally, gave us the strength to make a historic choice, which I have never since regretted. Removing the ideological conflict in the relations among States, which we proclaimed as one of the principles of the New Thinking, has brought down many prejudices, biased attitudes and suspicions and has cleared and improved the international atmosphere. I have to note, however, that this process has been more intensive and frank on our part than on the part of the West. Mikhail Gorbachev at the Nobel lecture, 5 June 1991.

4 © SAJC 2018 8821/01/J2/Prelims/18 Source C A political cartoon published in an American newspaper, September 1991. Source D 9 November 1989 Hours ago, the news came in - the border of the German Democratic Republic has been opened. Unbelievable. Every hour, 3,500 people are leaving the country. To so many people, everything is falling apart. There are resignations all the time; everything has been turned upside down. To America in the summer? Can I pay for the ticket? Visiting France? The Mediterranean Sea, Holland, Tunisia? How can I have a holiday, where can I find the money? I am longing for everywhere, only to return. 13 November 1989 My friend, Gundi, asks: "What do you think about our victory?" I knew nothing. He is talking about the Wall. I run to the radio and hear it for myself, everyone can cross over as they like. Unbelievable. I go with Gundi straight to the police and we had the visa within an hour. Diary entries of an East German youth, 1989.

5 © SAJC 2018 8821/01/J2/Prelims/18 Source E Bush admitted to Gorbachev at the Malta Summit in 1989 that the United States had been ‘shaken by the rapidity of the unfolding changes’ in Eastern Europe. He had changed his own position ‘by 180 degrees.’ He was trying ‘to do nothing that which would lead to undermining your position.’ Perhaps with Reagan in mind, he promised that he would not ‘climb the Berlin Wall and make high-sounding pronouncements.’ But Bush went on to say: ‘I hope you understand that it is impossible to demand of us that we disapprove of German reunification.’ A lot was implied in these exchanges. Bush was confirming that his administration had been caught off guard – as had everyone else – by what had happened. He was acknowledging Gorbachev’s importance in these events: the United States did not wish to weaken him. But Bush was also signalling that the Americans and the West Germans intended now to push for German reunification, something that would have seemed wildly impractical only a few weeks earlier. John Lewis Gaddis, “The Cold War: A New History” published in 2005. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided by Sources A and B on the reasons for the end of the Cold War. [10] (b) How far do Sources A-E support the view that the end of the Cold War in 1989 was unexpected? [30]

6 © SAJC 2018 8821/01/J2/Prelims/18 Section B You must answer two question from this section. EITHER 2 ‘ The development of the Sino-American relationship from the 1950s to 1975 was largely driven by the events unfolding in Vietnam.’ How far do you agree with this statement? [30] OR 3 Evaluate ASEAN’s response to the Cold War tensions from 1967 to 1991. [30] AND EITHER 4 To what extent did the Cold War rivalries restrict the United Nations Secretary-General from performing his duties from 1945 to 1991? [30] OR 5 How effective was the United Nations in resolving the Kosovo crisis in the 1990s? [ 3 0 ]

7 © SAJC 2018 8821/01/J2/Prelims/18 BLANK PAGE