AJC H1 HIST QP

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST Write your name and PDG on all the work you hand in, including this cover sheet. Write in dark blue or black pen. Start each answer on a fresh piece of writing paper. Section A Answer Question 1(a) and 1(b). Section B Answer two questions. Write the question number of the questions attempted on this cover page. At the end of the examination, fasten the answer to each question separately, with this cover sheet attached on top of your answer to Question 1(a). You are reminded of the need for good English and clear presentation in your answers. Name : __________________________________ PDG : __________________________________ This document consists of 6 printed pages, including this page. ANDERSON JUNIOR COLLEGE JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2018 Higher 1 HISTORY Paper 1 The Cold War and the Modern World (1945-2000) No Additional Materials are required. 8821/01 Wed 29 August 2018 3 hours Question No. Marks Section A 1 (a) /10 1 (b) /30 Section B /30 /30 Total Marks: /100

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3 © Anderson Junior College 8821/01 Section A You must answer Question 1. OUTBREAK OF THE COLD WAR 1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source A A cartoon published in a British magazine in 1947. Dark clouds

4 © Anderson Junior College 8821/01 Source B The gravest problem facing the United States today is that of American relations with the Soviet Union. The solution of the problem may determine whether or not there will be a third World War. Soviet leaders believe that peaceful coexistence of communist and capitalist nations is impossible. The defenders of the communist faith assume th at conflict between the Soviet Union and the leading capitalist powers of the western world is in evitable and it is their duty to prepare for the inevitable conflict. Their basic policies are designed to strengthen the Soviet Union and to ensure its victory in the predicted coming struggle between communism and capitalism. The United States must use the language of military power in order that Soviet leaders will realize that our government is determined to uphold the interests of its ci tizens and the rights of small nations. Compromises and concessions are considered, by the Soviets, to be evidence of weakness. In addition to maintaining our own military strength, the United States should support and assist all democratic countries which are menaced by the Soviet Union. Providing military support in case of an attack is a last resort; a more effective barrier to communism is strong economic support. A report written by President Truman’s senior advisers and presented to him on September 1946. Source C A new alignment of political forces has arisen. The principal driving force of the imperialist camp is the US. This camp wants to hatch a new imperialist war. The anti-fascist forces comprise the second camp. This camp is based on the USSR and the new democracies, including Romania, Hungary and Finland. The camp strives to resist the threat of imperialist expansion and to strengthen democracy. Aggression and exploitation are alien to the very nature of the Soviet socialist state, and the USSR is interested in creating external peace for the build ing of a communist society. From this it follows that cooperation between the USSR and countries with other systems is possible, provided that the principle of reciprocity is observed and that obligations once assumed are honored. Everyone knows that the USSR has always honored the obligations it has assumed and has demonstrated its desire for cooperation. The vague and deliberately guarded formulations of the Marshall Plan amount in essence to a scheme to create blocs of states bound by obligatio ns to the US, and to gr ant American credits to European countries as compensations for their surrender of economic, and then of political, independence. Moreover, the cornerstone of the Ma rshall Plan is the restoration of the industrial areas of Western Germany controlled by American monopolies. From Andrei Zhdanov’s opening speech at Cominform’s first conference, September 1947. Zhdanov was the Soviet leader who organised Cominform.

5 © Anderson Junior College 8821/01 Source D A s i s o f t en t h e ca s e w i t h m a n y n a t i o n s , U S o f f icials were unable to see the extent to which the position and power of their own country made it a potential menace to others. The Soviets, still seeking to maintain friendly ties (on their term s) with the US, regarded American actions as potentially dangerous. In contrast, Soviet leader s viewed their own actions, beyond the periphery of their armies of occupation, as restrained. Neither the Americans nor the Soviets sought to harm the other in 1945. But each side, in pursuit of its security interests, took steps that aroused the other's fears. Moreover, the protests that each country's actions evoked from the other fuelled th e cycle of distrust as neither could comprehend the fears of the other, while perceiving its own actions as defensive. Herein rests the classic security dilemma – which assumes that each country’s quest for security raises the anxieties of a prospective adversary – it provokes countermeasures, and results in less security for everyone. From a book written by an American historian, 1992. Source E The Marshall Plan was designed to avert the collapse of European capitalism, while at the same time propping up American exports of goods and capita l. To this end, some recovery in Europe is necessary. But the American capitalist cannot allo w a real European recovery that would make Europe capable of competing with the American economy. This would help sustain business activity in the US. A key feature of the Marshall Plan is the propping up of Germany as a bulwark against the USSR. It is generally understood that Germany is indisp ensable for European recovery. But what the American imperialists are doing there is to rebuild the country only to the extent it suits their political and military plans. Meanwhile, the US is ta king full advantage of it s position as ruler of Bizonia to take complete control of the German economy. American monopolists are planning to invest large sums and to utilise German capitalists as junior partners. From a Communist publication in the US, January 1949. Now answer the following questions: (a) Compare and contrast the evidence provided in Sources B and C on Soviet expectations of a conflict with the US in the post-World War II period. [10] (b) How far do Sources A-E support the assertion that US actions in Europe from 1945 to 1949 were largely driven by its imperialist desires? [30]

6 © Anderson Junior College 8821/01 Section B You must answer two questions from this section. EITHER 2 How important was American economic and military aid to Taiwan in the development of Sino- A m e r i c a n r e l a t i o n s ? [30] OR 3 How effective was Singapore in responding to the Third Indochina War? [30] AND EITHER 4 How far do you agree that the mandate of the United Nations Operation in the Congo (ONUC) was the biggest impediment to its success in Congo? [30] OR 5 ‘The United Nations General Assembly largely failed in maintaining international peace and security during the Cold War.’ Discuss. [30]