2013_IJC_H1_Econs_Q4 Answer
Uploaded by hima · 3 June 2023
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H1 Macro Essays 4a) Explain how rising global protectionism may affect Singapore’s circular flow of income. [10] 4b) Discuss the view that globalisation is likely to support an economy’s recovery from the global economic slowdown. [15] (a) INTRODUCTION Define circular flow of income Define rising global protectionism State how rising global protectionism may affect SG’s CFY In a 4 sector economy, the circular flow of income is a model showing flows of goods and services, factors of production and income between the various economic players: firms, households, government and foreign sector. This model is used to illustrate how changes in its key components, which are consumption expenditure, injections (investment, government expenditure & export revenue) and withdrawals (savings, taxes and import expenditure), would affect the equilibrium level of national income of an economy. Rising global protectionism is the response of some governments to protect their domestic industries’ production and employment in face of the global recession. Common protectionism measures are import tariffs and/or quotas, export subsidies and export quotas even. SG is a small open economy which embraces free trade but faces the threat of rising global protectionism by its trading partners. This may affect SG CFY through the foreign sector, mainly the injection of export revenue and the withdrawal of import expenditure. These changes will affect the equilibrium level of national income of SG economy. BODY Para 1 to explain CFY (with or without a simple diagram) Figure one shows a simple illustration of the circular flow of income. Firstly, households provide the factors of production for firms who produce goods and services. In return, households receive factor payments (such as wages, rent, dividend, interest, profits). Households will in turn spend their wages on final goods and services produced by the firms. This shows that consumption expenditure is necessary to generate income in the circular flow as factors of production will be employed to produce goods and services and factor payments will continue to be paid by firms. This allows households to have disposable income to afford consumption of goods and services. With the various economic players, the circular flow is more dynamic with injections such as investments by firms, government expenditure and export expenditure; as well as withdrawals such as savings, taxes
and import spending. Injections refer to expenditure which does not come from the expenditure of households. They include investment expenditure, government spending and export expenditure. Investment is the money that firms spend on buying new plant and equipment or the act of firms building
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