2013_NYJC_H1_Econs_Q1_Suggested_Answers
Uploaded by hima · 3 June 2023
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1 H1 Qn 1 CASE STUDY QUESTION Figure 1: Global rare earth metals price index Figure 2 Global Rare earth metals Supply and Demand 2005 - 2010 World Demand World Supply Metric Tons
2 Extract 1: China’s grip on the world’s rare earth market may be slipping For the past two years, the world has had a rare earth problem. Rare earth metals are crucial for a wide range of electronics, from solar panels, fluorescent bulbs to iPod headphones to hybrid vehicles. And China produces 95 percent of the world’s supply. So when China began sharply restricting exports in 2010 — allegedly to give its own industries an advantage — the global prices for rare earths skyrocketed. Bad news. Except now, it is looking like the rare earth crisis is receding. Despite their colorful name, rare earth metals aren’t actually all that rare. At one point or another during the twentieth century, Brazil, India, the United States and South Africa were all major producers. In the 1980s, China decided to ramp up production massively, driving out competitors and cornering the market. China managed to do this, in part, through preferential policies by the Chinese government and lax environmental standards. This quickly enabled China to become a dominant, low‐cost producer of rare earths by the late 1990s. In 2010, China decided to restrict its export quota by 40 percent. That helped drive prices up and suddenly made it economical for other countries to start boosting their own production again. Out in Mountain Pass, California, for instance, Molycorp is now reopening and expanding its massive rare earth metals mine. Many countries are also doing the same. Meanwhile, Japan has rushed to reduce its dependence on rare earths over the past few years—especially since China has a habit of restricting exports every time the two nations get into a territorial spat. Panasonic has developed a technique to recycle neodymium from old electronic appliances. Honda is extracting rare earths from used car batteries. TDK Corp., which creates magnets for motors, now sprays dysprosium on its motors rather than mixing it in, in order to conserve. Source: The Washington Post, October 19, 2012 Extract 2: The Case Against Lynas in Malaysia If everything goes as planned, by September this year, the largest rare earth refinery in the world will start operating in Gebeng Industrial Zone, some 25 km away from Kuantan town, home to almost half a million people. This plant will cast a shadow over Kuantan town. Real estate price will plunge, residents who are able to relocate will flee and those who are not will be in constant fear of radiation exposure. The authorities have learnt nothing from the Asian Rare Earth (ARE) debacle in Bukit Merah, Perak. The ARE plant was operated by Mitsubishi Chemical and it extracted rare earth from old tin mine slag. Unfortunately the waste contains hi
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