RVHS H1 ECONS CSQ1 Answer
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Text from the first pages1 © RVHS 2014 8819 2014 Y6 H1 Prelim CSQ1 -- Suggested Answers (ai) Compare the US price of sugar and the world price of sugar between 2010 and 2013. [2] Similarity [1] Both prices decreased generally OR US price of sugar moved in tandem with world sugar price OR Both US and world price of sugar share a positive relationship Difference [1] However, the US price of sugar is consistently higher than the world price of sugar OR The US price of sugar decreased by more compared to the decrease in world price of sugar in the same time period (aii) Explain any difference that you have observed. [3] The US price of sugar is consistently higher than the world price of sugar because US imposes a quota on sugar imports. This restricts the amount of sugar entering the US market. With supply kept within a certain limit, this helps to keep price in US at a certain level On the other hand, imports above the quota are likely to end up in world markets, thus leading to a much larger supply of sugar in world markets. As such, this leads to a world price of sugar which will be lower than that in US Alternative (if students give the other difference) The decrease in the price of US sugar is greater than the decrease in the world price of sugar because there may be more imports of sugar entering the US market during 2011 to 2013. [1] Although US imposes a quota on imports, Mexico is exempted from it because of the NAFTA (Extract 2) This may lead Mexico to export an unlimited amount of sugar to the US, rather than sell in world markets. Given this substantial increase in supply of sugar in US rather than in the world, perhaps the price of sugar in US is likely to fall by a greater extent, compared to that of world price. (b) Using a supply and demand diagram, explain why the sales volume of ethanol fell despite rocketing car sales in Brazil [5] Extract 4 notes that cars in Brazil can run on ethanol or gasoline, which means ethanol and gasoline are substitutes in consumption. Since the Brazilian government has given generous subsidies for gasoline to mitigate the rising cost of living, this makes gasoline cheaper than ethanol in Brazil, encouraging consumers to switch from ethanol to gasoline instead i.e. Demand for ethanol falls. Referring to Fig. 1, DD0 shifts left to DD1. On the other hand, the cost of producing ethanol has increased due to the rising costs of labour and pesticides as noted in Extract 4. This leads to a fall the supply of ethanol, reflected by a leftward shift of supply curve from SS0 to SS1.
2 © RVHS 2014 8819 In this case, the quantity of ethanol will definitely decrease from Q0 to Q1, indicating a fall in sales of ethanol. (c) What can you conclude from the evidence in Extract 3 about the price elasticity of supply of sugar in Brazil? [2] Price elasticity of Supply (PES) of sugar in Brazil is likely to be less than one. This is because Extract 3 notes that sugar cane mills cannot just leave the canes in the fields, given that sugar cane is a perishable good. Furthermore, mills are also unable to store the sugar. As such, the lack of storage space for sugar means that the producers cannot decrease/ increase output quickly without a substantial rise in costs. i.e. producers are less responsive to changes in price. (di) State the theory of comparative advantage. [2] The theory of comparative advantage suggests that countries should specialise in producing and export the good which they have comparative advantage i.e. incur lower opportunity cost in producing. They should then trade to obtain goods which they have comparative disadvantage. Doing so will enable both countries to be better off in terms of an increase in consumption of all goods and services. *Note to markers: Students need to state that the theory entails specialising and exporting the good which countries have comparative advantage in producing [1] and subsequently, trading will lead to an increase in consumption for countries [1] i.e. those who simply stop at stating comparative advantage leads to lower opportunity cost will not be awarded full credit Price Quantity DD0 DD1 SS0 SS1 P1 P0 Q1 Q0 Market for Ethanol
3 © RVHS 2014 8819 (dii) Explain what the US and the Caribbean countries should be doing, based on the theory of comparative advantage [3] Extract 1 notes that the Caribbean countries are endowed with naturally fertile land and perfect weather conditions suitable for growing sugar. This suggests that these countries face lower opportunity costs and thus should specialise in growing sugar and export it. In contrast, the US protects her sugar industry with subsidies and quotas, which means they are unlikely to have comparative advantage in growing sugar. Moreover, US seems to incur much higher opportunity costs in producing sugar, judging from the fact that three jobs are lost in confectionary manufacturing when there is a hike in sugar costs. In view of these, US should be importing sugar instead of producing it herself. (e) The extracts refer to the use of fuel subsidies by governments. Comment on whether such government intervention should be removed. [5] Thesis: Yes, fuel subsidies should be removed. Why? What benefits result from this? Long term sustainability of resources Removal of subsidies exposes consumers to the true cost of using fuel (e.g. gasoline) Higher price of petrol encourages consumers to find ways to economize on their use of scarce resources e.g. they might switch to cheaper substitutes such as bio‐fuels or even cut down on use of cars altogether (reduce over‐consumption) Removal of subsidies might also spur R&D in alternative energy sources which are beneficial in the long term as cleaner energy will be developed and this will reduce the negative externality released into the environment when fossil fuels are burnt Long term sustainability of the world is also ensured as the rate of depletion of non‐ renewable resources slows Anti‐thesis: No, fuel subsidies should not be removed. Why? Negative Impact of rising cost of living As fossil fuels are regarded as necessity to power vehicles, the removal of fuel subsidies will lead to higher cost of living (e.g. higher transport cost) for countries, especially in those where there is a lack of close substitutes for fuel For countries which already have fuel subsidies in place for quite some time, the removal might possibly lead to widespread social discontent or worse, may escalate into conflict and war between countries as they fight for limited resources. (f) How far does the use of protectionist measures achieve the aim of helping US sugar farmers? [8] Thesis: Yes. Protectionist measures do help to achieve the aim of helping farmers. How? Subsidies provided to the sugar farmers partially helps to reduce their costs of production e.g. farmers can use it to offset some of their operating costs or buy fertilizers etc. Theoretically this enables farmers to produce more sugar given the same amount of resources that they have Alternatively, the reduction in cost may leave them with excess cash as profits, assuming no change in total revenue received
4 © RVHS 2014 8819 Tariffs imposed on the imports above the quota limit will raise the price of sugar imports This implies that the price of sugar sold in US would correspondingly also be higher. Although the higher price
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