2022 SAJC H1 Prelim QP

ST ANDREW’S JUNIOR COLLEGE PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS 2022 (JC2) General Certificate of Education Advanced Level Higher 1 ECONOMICS 8823/01 29 August 2022 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST An answer booklet will be provided with the question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet. Answer all questions. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each part question. This document consists of 9 printed pages. © SAJC 2022 [Turn Over]

2 Answer all questions Question 1: The Markets for Masks and Vaccines Extract 1: Global Mask and Vaccine Shortage The Global Mask Shortage The World Health Organization has warned that severe and mounting disruption to the global supply of masks– caused by panic buying, hoarding and misuse – is putting lives at risk from the new coronavirus and other infectious diseases. Healthcare workers rely on surgical masks and other personal protective equipment to protect themselves and their patients from being infected and infecting others. Polypropylene non-woven fabric, a key component used to make masks is limited in supply as the small number of producers world-wide find it difficult to expand production during the crisis. The US, Germany and other countries have also restricted exports of some mask-making materials, drawing intense criticism, from developing countries such as African nations where COVID ravages on. The Global Vaccine Shortage More than 600 million people worldwide, primarily the United States and European nations, have been at least partially vaccinated against COVID-19 — meaning that more than seven billion still have not. As wealthy countries envision the pandemic retreating within months — while poorer ones face the prospect of years of suffering — frustration has people around the world asking why more vaccine isn’t available. Vaccine making is an exacting process. With a new shot, new production lines and mounting global expectations, it gets harder. Both AstraZeneca and Johnson & Johnson, two of the world’s largest pharmaceutical companies, have run into serious prod uction problems with their COVID -19 vaccines — object lessons in the challenges of scaling up in a hurry from nothing to hundreds of millions of doses. There are only so many factories around the world that make vaccines and only so many people trained in making them — and they were busy before the pandemic. Likewise, production capacity for biological raw materials, cell culture media, specialized filters, pumps, tubing, preservatives, glass vials and rubber stoppers is also limited.