RVHS_H2_ECONS_Essay_Q3
Uploaded by hima · 3 June 2023
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2014 RVHS H2 P2Q3 (a) Using the product and resource markets, explain the signalling and incentive functions of prices. (10) (b) Discuss the extent to which these functions of prices are reliable. (15) Part (a) The signalling and incentive functions of prices of products and resources are the keys to the market’s ability to decide what to produce, how to produce and for whom the goods are produced. Take the example of a product market. ‐ Assume there is an increase in demand => shortage => signals to the producers and incentives them to increase their prices Next, consider the example of a resource market (labour market) ‐ Assume there is an increase in supply => surplus => signals to the producers that they can reduce the wage rate The price of labour, or the wage rate, also determines the ability of the workers to buy goods and services in the market, hence in turn determines for whom the goods are produced. Level 3 8‐10 Developed explanation on how prices can be relied upon to determine what to produce, how to produce and for whom the goods are produced Level 2 4‐7 Undeveloped explanation on how prices can be relied upon to determine what to produce, how to produce and for whom the goods are produced Developed explanation on how prices can be relied to determine what to produce and how to produce. Level 1 1‐3 A smattering of valid points P1 Po Do D1 So Price Qty of Kiwi Qo Q1 Q2 W0 W1 Do So Wage rate Qty of labour Lo L1 L2 S1
Part (b) The assessment of the extent of the reliability of prices in determining the goods to produce, how to produce and for whom the goods are produced can be based on two criterions – allocative efficiency and equity. The allocation is considered reliable only if allocative efficiency is achieved, that is marginal social benefits (MSB) is said to be equal to marginal social costs (MSC). Provide the possible scenarios in which the functions of prices will not lead to allocative inefficiency. (1) the case of public goods. Public goods are goods, such as national defence or street lighting, which have the two characteristics: non‐ rival and non‐excludable in consumption. Non‐rival means the consumption of the good by one additional person does not diminish the quantity available for others to consume. Non‐excludable means it is impossible or prohibitively costly to confine the benefits to a particular group of people. Very importantly here is the characteristic of non‐excludability. This is because non‐excludability leads to the free‐ridership issue, which refers to the situation in which people who have not paid for the good cannot be prevented from using the good (2) the case of externalities. Externalities are positive or negative spillover effects of production or consumption on third parties, which neither the consumers nor producers take into account. Market failure aris
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