IJC_H2_ECONS_Essay_Q4_SuggestedSolution
Uploaded by hima · 3 June 2023
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In 2012, the Singapore government announced enhancements in measures to improve labour productivity and increase general living standards in Singapore. More grants were given to SMEs to invest in its workers and its operations. (a) Explain the main macroeconomic indicators that can be used to compare changes in living standards across countries. [10] (b) Assess the extent to which an improvement in labour productivity is beneficial to the SOL in Singapore. [15] Suggested Answer Outline (a) Explain the main macroeconomic indicators that can be used to compare changes in living standards across countries. [10] Question Requirements: Explain what SOL is Explain significance of comparing changes in SOL across countries Explain indicators that can be used to compare such changes 1. Explain SOL Standard of living: level of well‐being and comfort enjoyed 2 aspects of SOL: material and non‐material SOL Material SOL: quantity and quality of goods and services available to be enjoyed Non‐material SOL: quality and affordability of housing, hours of work required to purchase necessities, gross domestic product, inflation rate, number of holiday days per year, affordable (or free) access to quality healthcare, quality and availability of education, life expectancy, incidence of disease, etc. 2. Explain significance of comparison of changes in SOL across countries Changes in SOL show how the population in the country become better off over time and shows the progress of the economy Comparing changes in SOL across countries allows economists to assess how well economies and governments are doing, relatively, in improving living standards in their countries 3. Explain real GDP Gross Domestic Product: measures the final value of all goods and services produced within the geographical confines of an economy within a given period of usually a year. To measure changes within a country across a period of time need to compensate for inflation (i.e. the sustained, inordinate increase in general price levels) use real GDP in order to take into account inflation. 4. Explain real GDP PER CAPITA Different countries have different population sizes need to account for differences in population sizes to make numbers comparable, divide real GDP by population size to obtain real GDP per capita 5. Explain real GDP per capita, PPP adjusted For comparison across countries, there is a need to use the same base currency for fair comparison typically use exchange rate to convert into the same currency, usually USD.
Due to various reasons like differences in stage of development, there are differences in purchasing power of one dollar. Despite using exchange rates to convert real GDP per capita into the same base currency, it is not sufficient to use it as a proxy comparison for differences in material SOL due to differences in purchasing power E.g., US$100 can buy a different amount o
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