HCI H2 ECONS Q4
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Text from the first pages4a. Explain what might cause a current account deficit in the balance of payment. [10] 4b. When faced with a deteriorating trade balance, some countries turn to protectionism. However, countries like Singapore do not engage in protectionism. Discuss why governments use different policies to achieve healthy trade balance. [15] Outline a) The Balance of Payments (BOP) for a country is a summary statement of the money value of all economic transactions between the residents of the country with the rest of the world during a specified period of time, usually one year. The Current Account in the BOP shows the flow of goods and services, plus incomes flowing into and out of the country, plus net transfer of money into and out of the country. A deficit in the current account is mainly due to M>X. Explain causes of X<M (any 3 but must include mixture of explanations on X & M, candidates may also give other reasons not stated here) ↓X ‐ Loss of comparative advantage due to competition from emerging economies or depletion of resources The law of comparative advantage states that countries should specialize in the production of goods for which it has a lower opportunity cost. Many developed countries have lost their comparative advantage in the production of low‐end manufacturing goods with the emergence of low‐cost economies like China. Her abundance in cheap labour, vast land and other resources, resulted in a lower opportunity cost than the developed countries when it comes to production of such goods. This results in a loss in export competitiveness of the developed countries as the Chinese products are preferred due to their lower price. When price of China’s export is cheaper, importers will import from China and their demand for the developed economies’ exports will fall assuming a high degree of substitutability between these exports. ↓X ↑M ‐ Higher relative inflation rate A rise in a country’s inflation rate will cause her exports to be more expensive and imports to be cheaper. Assume demand for exports is price‐elastic due to the availability of substitutes, a rise in price of exports will cause quantity demanded to fall more than proportionate and the export revenue will fall. And if the rise in inflation rate is higher than other trading partners, the demand for exports will fall and so will revenue. Assume domestic goods and imports are substitutes that deemed by consumers to be alternatives to satisfy similar wants. Thus with a higher inflation rate, a rise in price of domestic goods will cause demand for imports to rise, leading to a higher import expenditure. As a result, a fall in export revenue together with a rise in import expenditure will worsen the balance of trade. ↓X ‐ Unfair trade practices by trading partners e.g. undervaluation of currency, protectionism Countries like US have accused its trading partners, particularly China of keeping Yuan undervalued. For example, by lowering the value of the Yuan, US citizens find Chinese goods cheaper in terms of the US dollar, while the Chinese will find that the US goods are more expensive in terms of Yuan as long as the
Marshall‐Lerner condition holds, where the sum of price elasticity of demand for imports and exports is greater than one, net exports for US will fall, leading to a worsening of the trade balance. To protect the home industry, the government levies a specific tariff on imports, raising the price of imports. As a result, the locals may switch back to the domestic goods. ↑M ‐ Affluence leading to High Imports for Consumption + Industralisation leading to Higher Imports for Machines and Raw Material Higher growth rate and together with an increasing consumerism will result in a larger import expenditure on consumer goods. Emerging economies like China and India have been enjoying high growth rates and resulted in a growing middle class for goods such as cars and air‐conditioner units. These countries which are undergoing the industrialization phase have a huge appetite for imports especially in capital goods and raw materials to support production. Assuming most of the imports they purchase are positive income elastic, the demand will increase more than proportionate when income increases. This higher demand for imports will worsen the trade balance, ceteris paribus. Note: net income flow and net current transfers are not required L3 Ability to give excellent explanation of the causes with some attempt at exemplification 2 causes with good explanation, covered both X & M and with exemplification – low L3 7‐10 L2 Ability to elaborate on the causes 5‐6 L1 Major conceptual errors Listing of causes 1‐4 4b) When faced with a deteriorating trade balance, some countries turn to protectionism. However, countries like Singapore do not engage in protectionism. Discuss why governments use different policies to achieve healthy trade balance. [15] Why countries use protectionism with worsening BOT Why countries like SG do not use protectionism Explain how protectionism helps countries when BOT is deteriorating using tariff diagram ‐ Assume Dd represents the domestic demand for steel and Sd represents the domestic supply of steel. In the absence of trade, the domestic equilibrium price and quantity of steel are PE Characteristic – small, lack resource, hence dependency on trade Need export market as engine of growth, engaging in protectionism might invite retaliation and affect X Need import for necessities and raw materials, engaging in protectionism will only cause inflation
and QE respectively. When the country is open to foreign trade, it faces a perfectly price elastic world supply for steel SW. That is, the country can import as many steel as she wants at the prevailing world price PW. With free trade and at the price PW, domestic consumers will demand 0Q2 of steel, of which 0Q1 is supplied by domestic producers and the remainder Q1Q2 imported from other countries. Free trade thus lowers the domestic price of steel from PE to PW. To protect the home industry, the government levies a specific tariff on steel imports, thus raising the supply curve from SW to (SW + tariff). The price now increases from PW to P2. At P2, domestic production increases from 0Q1 to 0Q3; domestic buyers are buying less steel – from 0Q2 to 0Q4. The tariff has caused a fall in the amount of imports from Q1Q2 to Q3Q4. Hence with protectionism, it helps to reduce M and improves BOT Limitations Such protectionist measures will undoubtedly harm the trade position of her major trading partners as their exports will fall. It is deemed to be a ‘beggar‐ thy‐neighbour’ measure. Hence, if these trading partners retaliate with their own set of protectionist measures, the country that initiated the tariff, will also experience a fall in exports and this might offset any prior improvement in her trade deficit. By resorting to protectionism, the deficit country forgoes the benefits that come with free trade, i.e. a higher standard of living, cheaper and greater variety of imports. Reasons to practice protectionism at least in the SR given the limitations Ways to ensure BOT is healthy (candidates may use other measures): 1. May be necessary at least in the SR if the cause of deterioration of BOT is industries losing CA (sunset industry) and new industries are not able to build CA given the intense competition (infant industry). Temporary protectionism gives time for 1. Use supply side policies instead to constantly build new areas of CA to ensure the coun
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