MJC H2 ECON EQ2
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Text from the first pagesMJC_Preliminary Exams_2011_H2_Essay_Qn2 1 (a) Explain whether it is always advantageous for a firm to grow in size. (12m) (b) Discuss how you would decide whether a firm is exerting its monopoly power. (13m) Explain whether it is always advantageous for a firm to grow in size. (12m) Introduction Define key terms: Grow in size – increase in scale of production or increase market share Advantageous – How are the advantages measured by? ‐ Benefits to firms in terms of high revenue, lower costs, higher profits ‐ Benefits to consumers in terms of lower prices, better quality ‐ Benefits to society in terms of efficiency Development: Thesis Vs Anti‐thesis for “advantageous” Thesis: ‐ Ability to set prices and earn supernormal profits ‐ Increased scale of production enabling EOS to be reaped ‐ Supernormal profits to achieve dynamic efficiency Anti‐thesis: ‐ Economies of scale may be limited ‐ Allocative and productive inefficiency ‐ X‐inefficiency ‐ Nature of industry may require firms to be small *Any 2‐3 points, well ‐ analysed and evaluated Conclusion/synthesis: Growth in size of firms may not necessarily be advantageous to both firms and consumers, as it also depends on the nature of the industry and the firm’s current level of output. Some industries which prioritises variety and fine details over standardization may not benefit from the growth in a firm’s scale of production as the firm is likely to produce same goods in bulk. However, for industries that have large MES, it is likely to be advantageous for both the firm and the consumers for it to continue growing in size as long as it does not exceed the MES. Marking Scheme L3 Well‐developed answer with a competent analysis on the advantages and disadvantages of a firm’s growth in size, with clear evaluation. 9‐12 L2 Underdeveloped explanations on the advantages and disadvantages of a firm growing in size OR A one‐sided answer on the advantages/disadvantages of a firm’s growth in size 5‐8 L1 Descriptive answer that shows some basic knowledge on advantages or disadvantages of a firm’s growth in size. Answers contain inaccuracies. 1‐4
MJC_Preliminary Exams_2011_H2_Essay_Qn2 2 (b) Discuss how you would decide whether a firm is exerting its monopoly power. (13m) Introduction Monopoly power is defined as the ability to influence the price of a product above its marginal cost. It depends on two crucial factors: availability of close substitutes (or number of firms in the industry) and the power to restrict the entry of potential rival firms. A firm’s objective is usually to maximize profits firms exerting its monopoly power would usually aim to earn high supernormal profits, both in the SR and LR. Hence, to determine whether a firm in reality is exerting its monopoly power, there is a need to observe the firm’s behavior and also other indicators that would suggest it is earning high supernormal profits. Development: Performance and behavior of firms exerting monopoly power 1) High supernormal profits A firm who is exerting its monopoly power would be able to restrict output to set prices under the profit‐maximising condition MC=MR and benefit from both revenue and cost advantages. A firm with high monopoly power face lesser competition as it dominate a large share of the market, which means high demand for its goods. There are also less competitor firms in the industry and hence less close substitutes available demand for its goods is less price elastic (PED<1) a rise in price leads to a less than proportionate fall in the qty demanded for the goods, ceteris paribus. Hence, a firm with monopoly power is able to increase price to increase revenue. With higher prices and costs constant, firm is able to earn high supernormal profits of AC1P1AB (refer to Fig. 4). This is in contrast with a firm in a more competitive industry such as a monopolistic competitive market where firms with little monopoly power may still be able to earn supernormal profits in the SR, but in the LR, absence of high barriers to entry will allow new entrants into the market to compete away the supernormal profits, resulting in such firms only earning normal profits (fig. 4 P2=AC2). However, firms with monopoly power usually have high barriers to entry enabling them to maintain supernormal profits even in the LR. Hence in reality, a data on a firm’s profit margins over a substantially long period of time will be useful in determining if a firm is indeed exerting its monopoly power. If profit margins have been high and have been sustained over a long period of time, the firm is highly likely to have exerted its monopoly power and it will not be a case of a competitive firm who receives supernormal profit but only in the short term before new entrants compete away the profits. Alternatively, sales figures and costs can also be used to measure the amount of profits a firm is making (TR – TC). In addition, high revenue figures and low costs would reaffirm that the firm has some degree of monopoly power as the high revenue is likely due to the firm’s large market share and low costs due to the firm’s large scale of production allowing it to reap EOS that lowers unit COP. Possible Evaluation: Using supernormal profits as an indicator may not necessarily be always accurate as some firms exerting monopoly power may still be earning normal profits or low supernormal profits. This could be due to the nature of the industry where costs of production tends to be relatively high, or it could be that the large supernormal profits and high BTE within the industry have led to complacency of such firms, thus incurring several unnecessary costs due to X‐inefficiency e.g. over‐staffing, extravagant office furnishings etc. These are likely to reduce the amount of profits these firms can make even if they are still able to set prices and enjoy high revenue.
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