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1 ___________________________________________________________________HUMANITIES 2272/2273/2274 Paper 1 Social Studies 24 August 2020 1 hour 45 minutesAdditional Materials:Writing Paper___________________________________________________________________READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRSTWrite all answers on the Writing Paper provided.Write in dark blue or black ink.Do not use paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.Begin Section B on a fresh sheet of paper.Hand in Section A and Section B separately. Section AAnswer all parts of Question 1.Section BAnswer both parts of Question 2.The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 7 printed pages. CHIJ ST. THERESA’S CONVENTPRELIMINARY EXAMINATION 2020SECONDARY 4 EXPRESS / 5 NORMAL (ACADEMIC)

2SECTION A (Source-Based Case Study)Question 1 is compulsory for all candidates.1Exploring Citizenship and GovernanceStudy the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all the questions. You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to those sources which you are told to use. In answering the questions you should use your knowledge of the issue to help you interpret and evaluate the sources.(a)Study Source A.Why was the cartoon published? Explain your answer. [5](b)Study Sources B and C.How similar are Sources B and C? Explain your answer. [6](c)‘The government is largely responsible for the water crisis.’ Using sources in this case study, explain how far you would agree with this statement. [10]

3What has contributed to the water crisis around the world?BACKGROUND INFORMATIONRead this carefully. It may help you to answer some of the questions.Water scarcity happens when water resources fail to meet the demand for them. The increase in world population, rapid urbanisation and improved agricultural practices has made water an essential resource. Presently there are countries which face difficulties in meeting water demand. Climate change has caused more droughts and rivers to dry up. Pollution has contaminated water sources and made them unsafe for drinking. In some countries, higher consumption of water has led to a greater waste of water resources. Some governments have been criticised for not prioritising access to clean water for their citizens and not enforcing water laws to protect their sources of water. Study the following sources to understand what has contributed to the water crisis around the world. Source A: A cartoon by the Water and Sanitation Program, 2016. The program highlights water challenges faced by countries around the world. IndustriesHouseholdsElectricity Agriculture

4Source B:Adapted from an article on an Australian news site about the water shortage in America, 2020. A harmful algae bloom overwhelmed the Toledo Water Intake Crib* which provides drinking water to nearly 500,000 people in and around the city of Toledo.Tests revealed that the algae was producing microcystin, a sometimes deadly liver toxin. Due to this, the city issued a “Do Not Drink” order that set off a three-day crisis.The impact of human activities have severely harmed this precious and vital resource. In 1970, after a century of urbanisation and industrialisation around the American Great Lakes, water quality was severely affected. Factories were allowed to dump waste into waterways rather than treating it. Inadequate sewer systems often sent raw sewage into rivers and lakes, fouling the water and causing algae blooms.*Toledo Water Intake Crib is a structure that collects and supplies drinkable water to people in America. Source C:Adapted from an article on an American news site, 2014. Five years ago, the Environmental Protection Agency and state water authorities issued a joint report on pollution of the nation’s waterways titled “An Urgent Call to Action”. Unfortunately, very little action has resulted from the joint report.A poisonous algae, whose toxin is called microcystin, was contaminating the Toledo Water Intake Crib. The toxin causes diarrhea, vomiting, liver-function problems and readily kills animals that drink the contaminated water. The biggest reason why it is still happening is that the American government has few legal options to impose limits. The Toledo Commissioner of Public Utilities said “When we bring this subject up for conversation with the regulators, everyone sort of walks out of the room. The whole drinking water community has been raising these issues but we haven’t seen a viable response.”.

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6Source D:A cartoon on Water Challenges published by the World Bank Group, 2017. The World Bank Group advocates for governments to devote more resources to protecting water supplies. CitizenGovernment Source E:Adapted from a speech by the South African Government to South Africans about water scarcity and drought problems faced by the country, 13 November 2015. South Africa is a water-scarce country and ranks as one of the 30 driest countries in the world with an average rainfall of about 40% less than the annual world average rainfall. Drought is a natural phenomenon which cannot be prevented. This excessive heat wave has grossly worsened the dry conditions that we are currently experiencing. It is putting a strain on the already stretched water resources across all provinces. Several provinces have already announced water restrictions in order to curb the increased demand and over-usage of water by households and industries. The government is fully aware of the responsibility we bear to ease the economic and social impact of the drought on the country and its people. We will continue to work with the various stakeholders on this matter. Source F:An adapted extract from the website of The Water Project, a Non-Profit Organisation with the aim of providing reliable water projects to provinces of Africa that lack access to clean water and proper

7sanitation, 2020. There are many reasons for the growing water crisis in South Africa. Climate change has affected water supplies. Rain that supplies the country's water has come infrequently. The Vaal River, the largest river in South Africa and a popular tourist destination, is becoming increasingly contaminated with human waste due to the lack of sanitation supplies. Water-borne disease is also steadily increasing.There has also been a backlog in water services by the government. The national and local governments of South Africa need to do a better job. Supplies have to be given to those most in need. There is a need to educate the rural population about clean water and to give them access to sanitation supplies.