violet_s chemistry notes!

PURE CHEMISTRYUPPER SECONDARY CHEMISTRY 2021PURE SCIENCE NOTby violet, 2021 TABLE OF CONTENTS: Chapter 1: Kinetic Particle Theory and the 3 States of Matter 4 Kinetic Particle Theory 4 Changes in State 4 Diffusion 5 Factors affecting the rate of diffusion 5 Chapters 2-3: Experimental Techniques, Separation and Purification 5 Separation Methods 5 Testing for Purity 6 Chapter 4: Elements, Compounds and Mixtures 7 Elements 7 Compounds 7 Mixtures 7 Chapter 5: Atomic Structure 7 Subatomic Particles 7 Relative Charge and Mass 7 Isotopes 7 Representation of Atomic Structure 7 Chapters 6-7: Chemical Bonding: Ionic, Covalent and Metallic 8 Ionic compounds 8 Simple covalent compounds 8 Metallic bonding 8 Properties of metals 8 Macromolecules 9 Chapters 8-10: Formulae, Stoichiometry and the Mole Concept 10 Stoichiometry Formulae 10 Ionic equations 10 1

Chapters 11-12: Acids, Bases and Salts [including QA] 10 Types of Oxides 10 Properties of Acids and Alkalis 11 Methods of salt preparation 11 Basicity, Strength and Concentration 11 Solubility rules 11 Sub-chapter: Qualitative Analysis 12 Test for anions 12 Test for cations 12 Chapter 13: Redox Reactions 13 What is a redox reaction? 13 Rules for Assigning Oxidation Numbers / States 13 Oxidation 13 Reduction 13 Chapter 14: Metals 14 Alloys 14 Reactions of metals 14 Reactions of metal compounds 15 Extraction of iron 15 Steel 16 Prevention of Rusting 16 Recycling of metals 16 Chapter 15: Electrolysis 17 What is electrolysis? 17 Molten vs. Aqueous electrolytes 17 Applications of electrolysis 17 Factors affecting preferential discharge of ions in aqueous electrolytes 17 Simple/Electrochemical Cell 18 Chapter 16: The Periodic Table 18 Group I. Alkali Metals 18 Group VII. Halogens 19 Group 0. Noble Gases 19 Transition Elements 19 Chapter 17: Energy from Chemicals 20 Energy changes in reactions 20 Types of Fuels 21 Chapter 18: Rate of Reaction 22 Chemical reactions 22 Factors affecting rate of reaction 22 Catalysts 22 2//violet’s chem nes

Chapter 19: Ammonia 23 Properties of Ammonia 23 Laboratory Preparation of Ammonia 23 Haber Process 23 Calcium Hydroxide 23 Chapter 20: Air and Atmosphere 24 Composition of Air 24 Air is a mixture of several gases. 24 Pollutants 24 Air pollution is the condition in which air contains a high concentration of chemicals that may harm living things or damage non-living things. 24 The Ozone Layer 25 Preventive methods 25 The Carbon Cycle 25 Global Warming 26 3//violet’s chem nes

Chapter 1: Kinetic Particle Theory and the 3 States of Matter Kinetic Particle Theory All matter is made of small particles that are continually moving and hence possess kinetic energy. Anything that has mass and takes up space is considered matter. Gases Liquids Solids No fixed shape or volume: particles can move freely at high speeds No fixed shape: particles can slide and roll over each other in translation Fixed shape and volume: particles can vibrate in fixed positions Wide spaces in between particles: can be compr