Topical Revision Notes Chemistry O Level ( PDFDrive )

O Level Chemistry Topical Revision Notes is a comprehensive guide based on the latest syllabus. It is written to provide candidates sitting for the O Level Chemistry examination with thorough revision material. Important concepts are presented in simple and concise points for easier reference. Relevant examples and diagrams are incorporated into the notes to facilitate the understanding of important concepts. ISBN 978 981 288 017 8 O Level Topical Revision Notes Series: Mathematics Additional Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Science Physics Science Chemistry Science Biology Includes ü Comprehensive Revision Notes ü Effective Study Guide ü Periodic Table Samantha L. Ellis MSc, PGDE, BSc CHEMISTRY REVISION NOTES Topical C M Y CM MY CY CMY K

CHEMISTRY Samantha L. Ellis MSc, PGDE, BSc

SHINGLEE PUBLISHERS PTE LTD 120 Hillview Avenue #05-06/07 Kewalram Hillview Singapore 669594 Tel: 6760 1388 Fax: 6762 5684 e-mail: info@shinglee.com.sg http://www.shinglee.com.sg All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the Publishers. First Published 2016 ISBN 978 981 288 017 8 Printed in Singapore

Preface iii PREFACE O Level Chemistry Topical Revision Notes has been written in accordance with the latest syllabus issued by the Ministry of Education (Singapore). This book is divided into 23 topics, each covering a topic as laid out in the syllabus. Important concepts are highlighted in each topic, with relevant examples and diagrams to help students learn how to apply theoretical knowledge. We believe this book will be of great help to teachers teaching the subject and students preparing for their O Level Chemistry examination.

iv Contents CONTENTS Periodic Table v Topic 1 Kinetic Particle Theory 1 Topic 2 Experimental Techniques 5 Topic 3 Methods of Purification 7 Topic 4 Elements and Compounds 10 Topic 5 Atoms and Ions 11 Topic 6 Chemical Bonding 13 Topic 7 Structure of Matter 16 Topic 8 Writing Formulae and Equations 19 Topic 9 Stoichiometry and Mole Concept 20 Topic 10 Acids and Bases 23 Topic 11 Salts 27 Topic 12 Oxidation and Reduction 32 Topic 13 Metals 34 Topic 14 Electrolysis 41 Topic 15 Periodic Table 45 Topic 16 Energy Changes 49 Topic 17 Speed of Reaction 52 Topic 18 Ammonia 55 Topic 19 Air and Atmosphere 57 Topic 20 Introduction to Organic Chemistry 61 Topic 21 Alkanes and Alkenes 64 Topic 22 Alcohols and Carboxylic Acids 67 Topic 23 Macromolecules 70

Periodic Table v Group I I I III IV V VI VII 0 1 H Hydrogen 4 He Helium 1 2 7 Li Lithium 3 9 Be Beryllium 4 11 B Boron 5 12 C Carbon 6 14 N Nitrogen 7 16 O Oxygen 8 19 F Fluorine 9 20 Ne Neon 10 23 Na Sodium 11 24 Mg Magnesium 12 27 Al Aluminium 13 28 Si Silicon 14 31 P Phosphorus 15 32 S Sulfur 16 35.5 Cl Chlorine 17 40 Ar Argon 18 39 K Potassium 19 40 Ca Calcium 20 45 Sc Scandium 21 48 Ti Titanium 22 51 V Vanadium 23 52 Cr Chromium 24 55 Mn Manganese 25 56 Fe Iron 26 59 Co Cobalt 27 59 Ni Nickel 28 64 Cu Copper 29 65 Zn Zinc 30 70 Ga Gallium 31 73 Ge Germanium 32 75 As Arsenic 33 79 Se Selenium 34 80 Br Bromine 35 84 Kr Krypton 36 85 Rb Rubidium 37 88 Sr Strontium 38 89 Y Yttrium 39 91 Zr Zirconium 40 93 Nb Niobium 41 96 Mo Molybdenum 42 Tc Technetium 43 101 Ru Ruthenium 44 103 Rh Rhodium 45 106 Pd Palladium 46 108 Ag Silver 47 112 Cd Cadmium 48 115 In Indium 49 119 Sn Tin 50 122 Sb Antimony 51 128 Te Tellurium 52 127 I Iodine 53 131 Xe Xenon 54 133 Cs Caesium 55 137 Ba Barium 56 139 La Lanthanum 57 * 178 Hf Hafnium 72 181 Ta Tantalum 73 184 W Tungsten 74 186 Re Rhenium 75 190 Os Osmium 76 192 Ir Iridium 77 195 Pt Platinum 78 197 Au Gold 79 201 Hg Mercury 80 204 Tl Thallium 81 207 Pb Lead 82 209 Bi Bismuth 83 Po Polonium 84 At Astatine 85 Rn Radon 86 Fr Francium 87 226 Ra Radium 88 227 Ac actinium 89 † *58–71 Lanthanoid series †90–103 Actinoid series 140 Ce Cerium 58 141 Pr Praseodymium 59 144 Nd Neodymium 60 Pm Promethium 61 150 Sm Samarium 62 152 Eu Europium 63 157 Gd Gadolinium 64 159 Tb Terbium 65 163 Dy Dysprosium 66 165 Ho Holmium 67 167 Er Erbium 68 169 Tm Thulium 69 173 Yb Ytterbium 70 175 Lu Lutetium 71 Key a X b a= relative atomic mass X =a tomic symbol b= proton (atomic) number 232 Th Thorium 90 Pa Protactinium 91 238 U Uranium 92 Np Neptunium 93 Pu Plutonium 94 Am Americium 95 Cm Curium 96 Bk Berkelium 97 Cf Californium 98 Es Einsteinium 99 Fm Fermium 100 Md Mendelevium 101 No Nobelium 102 Lr Lawrencium 103

Kinetic Particle Theory 1 1. Kinetic Particle Theory All matter is made of particles which are in constant random motion. This accounts for the properties of the three states of matter and the changes of states. 2. Properties of the Three States of Matter Property Solid Liquid Gas Structure Packing of particles Tightly packed. Arranged in an orderly manner. Packed closely together, but not as tightly as in solids. No regular arrangement. Spaced far apart from each other Movement of particles Can only vibrate about fixed positions Particles slide past each other Particles move freely at high speeds Shape Fixed shape No fixed shape. Takes on the shape of the container it is in. No fixed shape. Takes on the shape of the container it is in. Volume Fixed volume. Not easily compressed. Fixed volume. Not easily compressed. No fixed volume. Easily compressed. TOPIC 1 Kinetic Particle Theory Objectives Candidates should be able to: (a) describe the solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter and explain their interconversion in terms of the kinetic particle theory and of the energy changes involved (b) describe and explain evidence for the movement of particles in liquids and gases (c) explain everyday effects of diffusion in terms of particles (d) state qualitatively the effect of molecular mass on the rate of diffusion and explain the dependence of rate of diffusion on temperature

Kinetic Particle TheoryTOPIC 1 2 3. Changes of State SOLID LIQUID GAScondensation boiling/evaporation freezing meltin g sublimatio n deposition The following diagram shows the temperature change when a substance undergoes changes in state. temperature/ºC time/s boiling point liquid + gas solid + liquid melting point liquid solid gas At parts where the graph rises, heat is supplied to the substance to raise its temperature. The graph becomes flat when the substance undergoes a change in state. The graph remains flat as heat is taken in to overcome the interactions between the particles.