Chemical_Bonding

Ionic Bonding Content Common Complex Cations and Anions (Examples) Ion name Chemical Formula Cation/Anion Sulfate 𝑆𝑂4 2− Anion Nitrate -3NO Carbonate 𝐶𝑂3 2− Hydroxide −OH Dichromate (VI) 𝐶𝑟2𝑂7 2− Manganate 𝑀𝑛𝑂4 2− Phosphate 𝑃𝑂4 3− Silver 𝐴𝑔+ Cation Zinc 𝑍𝑛2+ Chromium 𝐶𝑟3+ Tin 𝑆𝑛2+ Aluminium 𝐴𝑙3+ Copper 𝐶𝑢2+ General Rules when writing Chemical Formulae (Ionic Compounds) Rule no. Rule 1 A compound made from 2 elements has a name that ends with -ide 2 The oxidation state of an ion will tell the charge of the ion 3 A compound that contains a polyatomic ion containing oxygen has a name ending in - ate, however when that anion has one less Oxygen atom, it ends with -ite 4 Metallic element first, then non-metallic element (Except for Organic Compounds) 5 A compound that has more than 1 polyatomic ions must have brackets between it Sample ‘Dot-and-Cross’ Diagram for an Ionic compound Structure of Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds Structure of Ionic Compounds - Called giant ionic lattice structures - 3 dimensional and held in place by ionic bonds - Held together tightly as oppositely charged ions attract one another strongly

Physical Properties of Ionic Compounds No. Property Explanation 1 Most ionic compounds have high melting points and high boiling points - Ionic compounds have very strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions - A lot of thermal energy is required to overcome these electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions 2 Ionic compounds are usually soluble in water and insoluble in organic solvents 3 Ionic compounds are good conductors of electricity when molten or in aqueous solution - There must be free and mobile ions in order for the compound to conduct electricity. - In aqueous solution/molten state, the cations and anions are free and mobile and can act as charge carriers and can carry electrical charge - In solid state, there are no free-moving ions to conduct electricity since the ions are vibrating in fixed positions

Covalent Bonding Sample ‘Dot-and-Cross’ Diagram of a Covalent Molecule Common prefixes for naming compounds Prefix Number of atoms mono 1 di 2 tri 3 tetra 4 Structure and Properties of Covalent Substances Section A: Structure and Properties of Simple Covalent substances - Held by strong Intramolecular forces of attraction - Held by weak Intermolecular forces of attraction Properties of Simple Molecular Substances Note: Do not confuse yourself, intra- means within. And they are not weak Covalent bonds are in fact the strongest bonds. Inter- means between molecules No. Property Explanation 1 Low melting and boiling points - Between molecules, they are held by weak intermolecular forces of attraction - Little Thermal Energy is required to overcome these weak intermolecular forces of attraction between molecules - Therefore, they have low melting and bo