Organic Chem

Separated using fractional Distillation. Fractionating column Petroleum gas (Used as fuel for cooking and heating) Petrol (Used as fuel for car engine) Naphtha (Used as feedstock for chemical industry) Kerosene (Used as fuel for air-craft) Diesel (Used as fuel for diesel engine) Lubricating oil (Used to make wax and shoe polish) Bitumen (Used to pave road surface) Alkane Alkene Alcohol (liquid) Carboxylic acid (liquid) General formula CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n+1OH CnH2n+1COOH Functional group C-C C=C -O-H -COOH First 4 members 1C : Methane (CH4 GAS) 2C : Ethane (C2H6 GAS) 3C : Propane (C3H8 GAS) 4C : Butane (C4H10 GAS) 2C: Ethene (C2H4 GAS) 3C : Propene (C3H6 GAS) 4C : Butene (C4H8 GAS) 1C : Methanol (CH3OH) 2C : Ethanol (C2H5OH) 3C : Propanol (C3H7OH) 4C : Butanol (C4H9OH) 1C : Methanoic acid (HCOOH) 2C : Ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) 3C : Propanoic acid (C2H5COOH) 4C : Butanoic acid (C3H7COOH) Isomer Compound with same molecular formula but different structural formula. Lowest boiling point (Smallest molecular mass) Highest boiling point (Largest molecular mass) Introduction to organic chemistry Homologous series: A family of organic compounds with same general formula and similar chemical properties. Members in the same homologous series 1. Has same functional group, general formula and similar chemical properties *Functional group : An atom or group of atoms that gives a molecule its characteristic properties. 2. Has a gradual change in their physical properties up the series ( Mp/bp ↑, density ↑, viscosity ↑, flammability ↓) 3. Differs from the next by a –CH2- unit. Fuel: Substance that burns exothermically. 3 main fossil fuel Coal Petroleum Natural gas Component Carbon Mixture of hydrocarbons of different size CH4 Amount of soot, CO and SO2 produced when burned A lot Moderate little 1. Petroleum is BOILED into VAPOUR in a furnace. ↓ 2. The vapour is PUMPED into a huge fractionating column which is cool at the top but hot at the bottom. ↓ 3. Hot vapour rises up the column and begins to cool down and condense. ↓ 4. Smaller hydrocarbon has lower boiling point and collected at the top column. ↓ 5. Larger hydrocarbon has higher boiling point and collected at the bottom column.

Reaction Equation Condition Application Alkane (Saturated) Combustion Complete: Alkane + O2  CO2 + H2O Incomplete : Alkane + O2  CO + H2O (soot might be formed) Substitution Methane + Cl2  chloromethane + HCl CH4 (g) + Cl2 (g)  CH3 Cl (g) + HCl (g) UV light Cracking Long alkane  Small alkane + small alkene + H2 C10H22  2C4H8 + C2H6 *Total number of C and H atoms in products must be same as those in reactants. Catalyst Al2O3 & SiO2 (Broken porous/china pot), high temperature, more than 600oC To meet the high demand of small alkanes that are used as fuel. Alkene (Unsaturated) Combustio