Topical Revision Notes Biology O Level ( PDFDrive )

O LEVEL TOPICAL REVISION NOTESBIOLOGY Lye Ai Fern BSc (Hons), PGDE BIOLOGY Includes ü Comprehensive Revision Notes ü Effective Study Guide REVISION NOTES Topical O Level Biology Topical Revision Notes is a comprehensive guide based on the latest syllabus. It is written to provide candidates sitting for the O Level Biology examination with thorough revision material. Important concepts are presented in simple and concise points for easier reference. Relevant examples and diagrams are incorporated into the notes to facilitate the understanding of important concepts. ISBN 978 981 288 018 5 O Level Topical Revision Notes Series: Mathematics Additional Mathematics Physics Chemistry Biology Science Physics Science Chemistry Science Biology C M Y CM MY CY CMY K

BIOLOGY Lye Ai Fern BSc (Hons), PGDE

SHINGLEE PUBLISHERS PTE LTD 120 Hillview Avenue #05-06/07 Kewalram Hillview Singapore 669594 Tel: 6760 1388 Fax: 6762 5684 e-mail: info@shinglee.com.sg http://www.shinglee.com.sg All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission in writing of the Publishers. First Published 2016 ISBN 978 981 288 018 5 Printed in Singapore

Preface iii PREFACE O Level Biology Topical Revision Notes has been written in accordance with the latest syllabus issued by the Ministry of Education, Singapore. This book is divided into 16 topics, each covering a topic as laid out in the syllabus. Important concepts are highlighted in each topic, with relevant examples and diagrams to help students better understand the concepts. We believe this book will be of great help to teachers teaching the subject and students preparing for their O Level Biology examination.

iv Contents CONTENTS Topic 1 Cell Structure and Organisation 1 T opic 2 Movement of Substances 6 T opic 3 Biological Molecules 11 T opic 4 Nutrition in Humans 20 T opic 5 Nutrition in Plants 27 T opic 6 Transport in Flowering Plants 32 T opic 7 Transport in Humans 39 T opic 8 Respiration in Humans 51 T opic 9 Excretion in Humans 58 T opic 10 Homeostasis 65 T opic 11 Co-ordination and Response in Humans 70 T opic 12 Reproduction 82 T opic 13 Cell Division 95 T opic 14 Molecular Genetics 106 T opic 15 Inheritance 112 T opic 16 Organisms and their Environment 124

Cell Structure and Organisation 1 1.1 Animal cell 1. The following is a diagram of a generalised animal cell as seen under an electron microscope: cell surface membrane nucleus mitochondrion vacuole vesicle centriole nucleolus cytoplasm rough endoplasmic reticulum smooth endoplasmic reticulum free ribosomes Golgi apparatus A generalised animal cell TOPIC 1 Cell Structure and Organisation Objectives Candidates should be able to: (a) identify cell structures (including organelles) of typical plant and animal cells f