Nutrients

Name: __________________ Topic: Nutrients Concepts Summary Notes Nan Hua High School Biology 1 LO: State the roles of water in living organisms In animals: ● Medium in which chemical reactions occur. ● Transport dissolved substances around the body eg. digested products, metabolic waste products, hormones. ● Key component of protoplasm, lubricants, digestive juices, blood and tissue fluid. ● Needed in hydrolysis reactions. ● A component of sweat to be evaporated to remove latent heat of vaporisation to cool the body down. In flowering plants: ● Raw material for photosynthesis. ● Needed for turgor pressure to maintain cell structure. ● Transport of mineral salts and sucrose in xylem vessels and phloem vessels. Types of chemical reactions: ● Condensation reaction: a chemical reaction in which two smaller, simple molecules are joined together to form a larger and complex molecule with the removal of one molecule of water. ● Hydrolysis/ Hydrolytic reaction: a reaction in which a water molecule is needed to break down a larger, complex molecule into smaller, simple molecules. LO: List the chemical elements which make up ● carbohydrates ● fats ● proteins State that large molecules are synthesised from smaller basic units. ● glycogen from glucose ● polypeptides and proteins from amino acids lipids such as fats from glycerol and fatty acids Carbohydrates: 1. Carbohydrates are organic molecules made up of: • carbon • hydrogen • oxygen 2. Ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms in carbohydrates: 2:1.

Name: __________________ Topic: Nutrients Concepts Summary Notes Nan Hua High School Biology 2 Examples of carbohydrates Monosaccharides (cannot be further digested into smaller molecules) C6H12O6 Disaccharides (made up of 2 molecules of monosaccharides bonded together) C12H22O11 Polysaccharides (made up of many monosaccharide molecules bonded together) glucose Maltose (glucose + glucose) Starch fructose Sucrose (glucose + fructose) Cellulose galactose Lactose (glucose + galactose) Glycogen *All monosaccharides and disaccharides (except sucrose) are reducing sugars. Types of complex carbohydrates (made of glucose molecules bonded differently) Structure Function Occurrence Starch linear Storage (large molecules, insoluble in water, compact shapes, easily hydrolysed) Storage organs in plants Cellulose linear Protection from mechanical damage Cell walls of plants Glycogen branched Storage (large molecules, insoluble in water, co