Respiration in humans

Name: __________________ Topic: Respiration in humans Concepts Summary Notes Nan Hua High School Biology 1 LO: I dentify on diagrams and name the larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli and associated capillaries LO: State the characteristics of, and describe the role of, the exchang e surface of the alveoli in gas exchange Adaptations of alveoli for gaseous exchange: ● Numerous alveoli provide a large surface area for gaseous exchange. ● Alveolar walls are one cell thick, allowing for faster diffusion of gases. ● Thin film of moisture on the inner surface of the alveoli allows oxygen to dissolve in it. ● Walls of the alveoli are richly supplied with blood capillaries. The flow of blood maintains the concentration gradient of gases.

Name: __________________ Topic: Respiration in humans Concepts Summary Notes Nan Hua High School Biology 2 LO: Describe the removal of carbon dioxide from the lungs, inc luding the role of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme At the body cells/ tissues: ● Carbonic anhydrase, an enzyme found in red blood cells catalyses the conversion of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid. Carbonic anhydrase carbon dioxide + water → carbonic acid CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 ● Carbonic acid is converted to hydrogen carbonate ions which diffuse out of the red blood cells. ● Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood plasma as hydrogen carbonate ions. In the lungs: • Carbonic anhydrase found in red blood cells catalyses the conversion of carbonic acid back to carbon dioxide and water. Carbonic anhydrase carbonic acid → carbon dioxide + water H2CO3 → CO2 + H2O ● Carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood capillaries into the alveoli to be removed during exhalation.

Name: __________________ Topic: Respiration in humans Concepts Summary Notes Nan Hua High School Biology 3 LO: Describe the role of cilia, diaphragm, ribs and intercostal muscles in breathing Cilia Diaphragm Ribs Intercostal muscles Found on the epithelial cells which sweeps and remove mucus Goblet/gland cell produces and secretes mucus Inspiration: Diaphragm muscle contracts and flattens to increase volume of thoracic cavity and lungs expand. Pressure in lungs decrease and air is forced into the lungs. Expiration: Diaphragm muscle relaxes and arches upwards to decrease volume of thoracic cavity and lungs contract. Pressure in lungs increase and air is forced out of the lungs.