Transport in humans

Name: __________________ Topic: Transport in humans LO: Identify the main blood vessels to and from the heart, lungs, liver and kidney In summary, blood vessels are generally named after the parts they are connected to.● Blood vessels connected to the kidneys always start with ‘renal’● Blood vessels connected to the liver always start with ‘hepatic’● Blood vessels connected to the lungs always start with ‘pulmonary’● Blood vessels that transport substances to/away from the heart always start with‘coronary’ LO: State the role of blood in transport and defence ● red blood cells – haemoglobin and oxygen transport● plasma– transportof bloodcells,ions,solublefoodsubstances,hormones, carbon dioxide, urea, vitamins, plasma proteins● white blood cells – phagocytosis, antibody formation and tissue rejection● platelets – fibrinogen to fibrin, causing clotting Concepts Summary NotesNan Hua High School Biology 1

Name: __________________ Topic: Transport in humans The two main functions of blood are totransport substancesand fordefence. Functions and Adaptations of Blood Components Component Function AdaptationRed blood cells Transports oxygenfrom thelungs to the rest of the body Circular andbiconcaveshape toincrease surfaceareaforfasterdiffusion of oxygen Containshaemoglobinforoxygen to bindloosely to formoxyhaemoglobin Has no nucleustostore morehaemoglobintotransportmoreoxygen Concepts Summary NotesNan Hua High School Biology 2

Name: __________________ Topic: Transport in humans Plasma Transport dissolvedsubstancesto the rest of thebody e.g. nutrients, hormones,vitamins, proteins, wasteproducts Made up ofmostlywater which is thesolventfor varioussubstances White blood cells:Lymphocytes Toproduce antibodieswhichagglutinate pathogensforphagocytes toengulf andingest, andneutralise toxins. Large nucleus toproduce antibodies White blood cells:Phagocytes Toengulf and ingest pathogensthroughphagocytosis. Lobed nucleustoallow the cell tomove towards thebacteria and changeshape to engulf it Platelets (thrombocytes) To aid inblood clottingby● Damaged tissues and blood platelets releasethrombokinase● Which convertsprothrombin to thrombinwith thehelp ofcalcium ions● Thrombin catalyses the conversion ofsolublefibrinogen to insoluble fibrin threads.● Fibrin threads entangle blood cells and forms aclot to seal the wound. Concepts Summary NotesNan Hua High School Biology 3

Name: __________________ Topic: Transport in humans LO:ListthedifferentABObloodgroupsandallpossiblecombinationsforthedonor and recipient in blood transfusions RecipientA B AB O Donor A √ √B √ √AB √O √ √ √ √ Recipient’s antibodies VS Donors antigens√ = Successful transfusion from donor to recipient without blood agglutination Concepts Summary NotesNan Hua High School Biology 4

Name: __________________ Topic: Transport in humans LO: Relate the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries to their functions Arteries Veins Capillaries FunctionsCarry bloodawayfrom theheart Carry bloodtowardstheheart Site of exchange of substances(Oxygen, glucose, amino acids,carbon dioxide, urea) betweenblood and the tissue cells Concepts Summary NotesNan Hua High School Biology 5

Name: __________________ Topic: Transport in humans StructureandAdaptation Thick muscularwallstowithstand highblood pressure Elastic wallstostretch and recoiltomaintain thehigh bloodpressure Less muscularwallsasbloodpressure islower Presence ofvalvestopreventbackflow ofblood Wall isone-cell thicktodecreasethe distance for diffusionandincreases the rate of diffusion ofsubstances Partially permeable toallow onlysome substances to passthrough Highly branched to increasesurface areaandincreases rateof diffusion of substances Blood pressure, velocity and total cross-sectional area in blood vessels LO: Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid Concepts Summary NotesNan Hua High School Biology 6

Name: __________________ Topic: Transport in humans ● Plasma proteins, red blood cells, platelets remainin the blood plasma.● Onlysmall molecules like glucose, oxygen, amino acids,urea, carbon dioxide,water, hormones and white blood cellscan diffuseout into the tissue fluid fromthe blood capillary.● Blood flows from thearterial end to the venous enddue to higher blood pressureat the arterial end. Concepts Summary NotesNan Hua High School Biology 7

Name: __________________ Topic: Transport in humans LO:Describethestructureandfunctionof theheartin termsof muscularcontraction and the working of valves ● The heart functions bycontractions and relaxation ofthe cardiac muscles.● The two atria and ventricleswork alternatively. Whenbothatria contract, both ventriclesrelax. When both atria relax,both ventricles contract.● Valves are present to preventthe backflow of blood.● Chordae tendineae aretendons to hold the valves inposition.● Median septum separates theheart chambers to preventmixing of blood. LO:Outlinethecardiaccyclein termsof whathappensduringsystoleanddiastole(histologyof the heartmuscle,namesof nervesandtransmittersubstances are not required) Concepts Summary NotesNan Hua High School Biology 8

Name: __________________ Topic: Transport in humans Before phase 1: Atria and ventricles relax● Rightatriumreceivesdeoxygenatedbloodfromtherestof thebodyviavenacavawhilethe left atriumreceivesoxygenatedbloodfromthe lungsviapulmonary veins. Phase 1: Atria systole● Muscles of both atria contractwhen they are filledwith blood.● Blood pressure inatria increases and becomes higherthan that of ventricles.● Thetricuspidvalvebetweentherightatriumandrightventricleopensanddeoxygenated bloodenters the right ventricle fromthe right atrium.● Whilethebicuspidvalvebetweentheleftatriumandleftventricleopensandoxygenated bloodenters the left ventricle from theleft atrium.● Both ventricles contract when full. Phases 2 and 3: Ventricular systole● Muscles of both ventricles contract and blood pressure in ventricles increase.● Blood pressurein ventricles becomeshigherthan thatof atria.● Both thetricuspid and bicuspid valves close,resultingin the‘lub’ sound.● ClosureoftheAVvalvespreventbackflowofbloodfromboththeventriclesbackinto the atria.● Duringphase 2, both the AV and semi-lunar valvesare closed.● Whenbloodpressureof ventriclesbecomeshigherthanthatof pulmonaryarteriesandaorta, thesemi-lunarvalves(pulmonicandaorticvalves)open.Blood is forced into the pulmonary arteries and aorta.● Deoxygenatedbloodforcedintothepulmonaryarteriesiscarriedtothelungsforgaseousexchangewhileoxygenatedbloodforcedintotheaortaiscarriedtoallparts of the body. Phases 4, 5 and 6: Ventricular and atrial diastole● Musclesofbothventriclesrelaxandpressureofventriclesbecomeslowerthanthat of pulmonary arteries and aorta● Semi-lunar valves close to prevent backflow of blood int