5059 Physics Notes
Uploaded by hima · 12 June 2023
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Text from the first pagesTHEME 1: GENERAL PHYSICS 1 Chapter 1: Measurements 1 Chapter 2: Kinematics 2 Chapter 3: Forces 3 Chapter 4: Mass, Weight and Density 4 Chapter 5: Turning effect of Forces 4 Chapter 6: Energy, Work and Power 5 Chapter 7:Pressure 6 THEME II: THERMAL PHYSICS 8 Chapter 8: Temperature 8 Chapter 9: Kinetic Model of Matter 10 Chapter 10: Transfer of Thermal Energy 11 Chapter 11: Thermal Properties of Matter 12 THEME III: LIGHT, WAVES & SOUND 15 Chapter 12: Light 15 Chapter 13: Waves 17 Chapter 14: Electromagnetic Waves 18 Chapter 15: Sound 19 THEME IV: ELECTRICITY & MAGNETISM 21 Chapter 16: Static Electricity 21 Chapter 17: Current Electricity 24 Chapter 18: D.C. Circuits 27 Chapter 19: Practical Electricity 29 Chapter 20: Magnetism 32 Chapter 21: Electromagnetism 35 Chapter 22: Electromagnetic Induction 37 General stuff to note 42 Table of measurements and their S.I. units 42 Definitions (memorise) 45 Formula list 49
Physics Notes 2016 / 2017 Secondary 3 / 4 EOY: Chapters 1 to 13 Consol: Chapters 1 to 14 MYE: Chapters 1 to 21.2 Note to mobile users: Download as PDF / Word to view hidden equations THEME 1: GENERAL PHYSICS Chapter 1: Measurements Physical Quantities: Quantities that can be measured, consists of a numerical magnitude and a unit . Prefixes: 10 9 : giga- (G) 10 6 : mega- (M) 10 3 : kilo- (k) 10 -1 : deci- (d) 10 -2 : centi- (c) 10 -3 : milli- (m) 10 -6 : micro- ( μ) 10 -9 : nano- (n) Useful Info: ÷3.6 km/h m/s ×3.6 Sizes of well-known objects: Radius of Earth: 6378000m (6.378 × 10 6 ) Size of atom: 0.0000000001m (10 -10 ) Vernier Calipers Precision: 0.01cm Reading: Read the main scale until the immediate left of the zero mark on the vernier scale, then add the marking which coincides with the marking on the main scale. Zero Errors: Positive: the zero mark of Vernier is slightly to the right of the main scale Negative: the zero mark of Vernier is slightly to the left (READ SCALE FROM LEFT) Page | 1
Micrometre Screw Gauge Precision: 0.01mm Reading: Read main scale, then read thimble reading Zero Errors: Positive: Zero marking on thimble scale is below datum (centre) line Negative: Zero marking on thimble scale is above datum line Pendulums: Oscillation: One complete to-and-fro motion (A->C->A)/(B->C->B->A->B) Period : Time taken for one complete oscillation Chapter 2: Kinematics Scalar Quantities: Quantities with only magnitude (Distance, Speed, Mass, Energy, Time) Vector Quantities: Quantities with both magnitude and direction (Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration, Force) Distance: Total distance travelled Displacement: Total distance travelled in a straight line Speed: The distance moved per unit time (m/s) Velocity: The rate of change of displacement (m/s) Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity (m/s 2 ) Uniform Acceleration: constant rate of change of velocity Acceleration a = v − u t − t v u where v = initial velocity (m/s) u = final velocity (m/s) t u = time at u (s) t v = time at v Important Information The gradient of a displacement-time graph of an object is its velocity. Page | 2
The gradient of a velocity-time graph of an object is its acceleration. The area under a velocity-time graph of an object is its displacement. Acceleration due to Gravity: 9.81m/s 2 (10.0m/s 2 ) Reducing air resistance: Reduce surface area Skydiver question: He could fall head or feet first in order to reduce his surface area to fall faster. Chapter 3: Forces Forces – S.I. Unit = Newton (N) Vector Diagrams: Parallelogram and tip-to-tail methods ● When asked to calculate a of arrow, given force F 1 on arrow and mass m, resultant force is not F 1 but F 1 -10m (See AHS Prelim 2017) NEWTON’s LAWS OF MOTION First Law: every object will continue in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless a resultant force acts on it. Second Law: when a resultant force acts on an object of constant mass, the object will accelerate in the direction of the resultant force. The product of the mass and acceleration of the object gives the resultant force. TL; DR a F = m Where F = resultant force (N), m = mass (kg), a = acceleration (m/s 2 ) Third Law: if body A exerts a force F AB on body B, then body B will exert an equal and opposite force F BA on body A. Friction: the contact force that opposes or tends to oppose motion between surfaces in contact. Reducing friction: Wheels, Ball bearings,
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