Physics Notes O-levels - Syllabus [6091]

Chapter 1. Measurement Apparatus: Accuracy: Verniercalipers: 0.1mm/0.01cm Metrerule: 0.1cm/1mm Micrometerscrewgauge: 0.01mm Voltmeter/Ammeter: Halfsmallestdivision Chapter 2. Kinematics Displacement: Straight-linedistancefromoneobjecttoanother Distance: Howfarsomethingmoves(Notnecessarilystraight) Speed: Distance/Time Velocity: Displacement/Time Acceleration: Velocity/Time Graphsof motionof objects: Non-movingobject: Displacementremainsconstant,Velocityat0,Accelerationat0 Objectatuniformvelocityof1m/s: Displacementincreasesby1meverysecond,Velocityremainsconstantat1m/s,Accelerationat0 Objectatincreasingnon-uniformvelocity/acceleration: Displacementincreasesatincreasingrate,Velocityincreasesatincreasingrate,Accelerationincreasesatincreasingrate Objectatdecreasingnon-uniformvelocity/acceleration: Displacementincreasesatdecreasingrate,Velocityincreasesatdecreasingrate,Accelerationdecreasesatdecreasingrate Objectatuniformacceleration: Displacementincreases,Velocityincreasesatconstantrate,Accelerationconstant Objectatuniformdeceleration: Displacementincreases,Velocitydecreasesatconstantrate,Decelerationconstant Forvelocity/speed-timegraphs,displacement/distancetravelledistheareaunderthegraph. Airresistance:Whenanobject’sspeedincreases,airresistanceincreases.Whenairresistance=weightofobject,objectreachesTerminal Velocity,whereacceleration=0

Chapter 3. Forces Drawingofvectordiagrams:Nowayofdrawingitheresodoityourself Newton’s1stlaw:Objectsatrestormotionwillstayinthatwayuntilaresultantforceactsonit. Newton’s2ndlaw:Whenaresultantforceactsonanobjectofconstantmass,theobjectwillaccelerateinthedirectionoftheresultantforce.Theproductofthemassandaccelerationoftheobjectgivestheresultantforce.(F=m(kg)a) Newton’s3rdlaw:WhenonebodyexertsaforceABonanotherbody,thebodywillexertanequalandoppositeforceBAonthefirstbody.(Action-Reactionpairs) Chapter 4. Mass, Weight, Density Mass:Doesnotchangewithlocation.Measuredinkg. Weight:Changesbasedongravitationalforce.MeasuredinN.(Weightisaforce) Inertia:Thereluctanceofanobjecttochangeitsstateofrestormotionduetoitsmass.Thelargerthemassofanobject,theharderitisfortheobjecttostartmoving,slowdown,movefasterorstop. Density:Themassofanobjectperunitvolume.(Formula:Mass/Volume) Chapter 5. Turningeffect of Forces Momentofaforce:TheproductofaforceFandtheperpendiculardistancefromthepivottothelineofactionofforce.(FxD) PrincipleofMoments:Whenabodyisinequilibrium,thesumofclockwisemomentsaboutapivotisequaltothesumofanticlockwisemomentsaboutthesamepivot. CentreofGravity:Thepointonanobjectwhereallitsweightactson.Forobjectsofuniformdensity,thisisthegeometricalcentreoftheobject. Stability:Themeasureofanobject’sabilitytoreturntoitsoriginalpositionafteritisslightlydisplaced.

Typesof equilibrium: StableEquilibrium: UnstableEquilibrium: NeutralEquilibrium: Whentheobjectisslightlytilted,itscentreofgravityrisesbeforereturningtoitsoriginalheight.Asthelineofactionaboutitsweightstilllieswithinitsbase,themomentofitsweightaboutthepointofcontactcausestheconetor