EJC 2023 Intro to Organic Chem Lecture notes

2023 JC1 H2 CHEMISTRY (9729) ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Topic 9: INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Name: ___________________________________________ Civics Group: _________ Introduction Students should be able to: (a) interpret, and use the nomenclature, general formulae and displayed formulae of the following classes of compound: (i) hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes and arenes) (ii) halogen derivatives (halogenoalkanes and halogenoarenes) (iii) hydroxyl compounds (alcohols and phenols) (iv) carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) (v) carboxylic acids and derivatives (acyl chlorides and esters) (vi) nitrogen compounds (amines, amides, amino acids and nitriles) (b) interpret, and use the following terminology associated with organic reactions: (i) functional group (ii) degree of substitution: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary (iii) homolytic and heterolytic fission (iv) carbocation (v) free radical, initiation, propagation, termination (vi) electrophile (Lewis acid), nucleophile (Lewis base) (vii) addition, substitution, elimination, condensation, hydrolysis (viii) oxidation and reduction [in equations for organic redox reactions, the symbols [O] and [H] are acceptable] (c) interpret, and use the following terminology associated with organic reactivities: (i) delocalisation (ii) electronic effect (electron-donating and electron-withdrawing effect) (iii) steric effect (steric hindrance) (d) describe sp 3 hybridisation, as in ethane molecule, sp 2 hybridisation, as in ethene and benzene molecules, and sp hybridisation, as in ethyne molecule (e) explain the shapes of, and bond angles in, the ethane, ethene, benzene, and ethyne molecules in relation to  and  carbon-carbon bonds (f) predict the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules analogous to those specified in (e) (g) apply (b) and (c) to the understanding of mechanisms in terms of organic structure and bonding (h) recognise that the mechanisms of polar reactions involve the flow of e lectrons from electron-rich to electron-poor sites

I N T R O D U C T I O N T O O R G A N I C C H E M I S T R Y E u n o i a J u n i o r C o l l e g e 2 Isomerism Students should be able to: (a) describe constitutional (structural) isomerism (b) describe cis-trans isomerism in alkenes, and explain its origin in terms of restricted rotation due to the presence of  bonds [use of E, Z nomenclature is not required] (c) explain what is meant by a chiral centre (d) deduce whether a given molecule is chiral based on the presence or absence of chiral centres and/or a plane of symmetry (e) recognise that an optically active sample rotates plane -polarised light and contains chiral molecules (f) recognise that enantiomers have identical physical properties except in the direction in which they rotate plane-polarised light [usage of the term diastereomers is not required] (g) recognise t