2022 NJC Prelims P1

1`1NATIONAL JUNIOR COLLEGESENIOR HIGH 2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONSHigher 2HISTORY 9752/01Paper 1 Shaping the International Order (1945 – 2000) 24 August 2022 3 Hours Additional Materials: Answer BookletREAD THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRSTAn answer booklet will be provided with this question paper. You should follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.Section A Answer Question 1.Section BAnswer two questions. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This question paper consists of 5 printed pages and 3 blank pages. H

2SECTION APaper 1 Shaping the International Order (1945–2000)You must answer Question 1.The End of Bipolarity1 Read the sources and answer the questions which follow. Source ARonald Reagan sought to mend America’s wounded spirit, to restore the strength of the free world, and to free the slaves of communism. These were causes hard to accomplish and heavy with risk. He inspired America and its allies with renewed faith in their mission of freedom. He won the Cold War, not only without firing a shot, but also by inviting enemies out of their fortress and turning them into friends. Reagan resisted Soviet expansion bravely until the USSR began to collapse beneath the combined weight of those pressures and its own failures. And when a man of goodwill did emerge from the ruins, President Reagan stepped forward to shake his hand and to offer sincere cooperation, most notably seen in the arms reduction treaty signed between the US and USSR.Extracted from former British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher’s speech at Reagan’s funeral, 11 June 2004.Source BDestiny so ruled that when I found myself at the helm of this state it already was clear that something was wrong in this country.We had a lot of everything -- land, oil and gas, other natural resources -- and there was intellect and talent in abundance. However, we were living much worse than people in the industrialized countries and were increasingly lagging behind them. The reason was obvious even then. This country was suffocating in the shackles of the bureaucratic command system. Doomed to cater to ideology and suffer and carry the onerous burden of the arms race, it found itself at the breaking point.All the half-hearted reforms fell through, one after another. This country was going nowhere, and we couldn't possibly live the way we did. We had to change everything radically.A speech by Gorbachev in Moscow, December 1991.

3Source C A cartoon published in a British newspaper, August 1988.Source DInterviewer: If in 1988 or 1989 you had moved the Soviet Army into Eastern Europe could we be sitting here in 2001 with you still in office and communism still intact? Gorbachev: I started Glasnost because I was committed to the values of freedom and democracy. Before me, Soviet leaders just wanted to consolidate their power. I reformed society and ultimately that resulted in pulling the country out of the totalitarian system and moving it toward democracy. I did that for my people – who rejected the totalitarian society we lived in.Interviewer: But you could have imposed totalitarianism even though it was rejected.Gorbachev: Totalitarianism could have been imposed. Look at Khrushchev; he made attempts to reform the country which were later rolled back.Interviewer: Did Ronald Reagan’s arms buildup play a role in the collapse of the Soviet Union?Gorbachev: I don't think it played a role. The Soviet Union was a victim of the political battles within the country itself. The main reason we collapsed was that our structural reforms came too late. The second reason was that people were not free and unhappy.Excerpt from an American magazine’s interview with Gorbachev, 2001.

4Source EWhy did European Communist states cease to be Communists at the time they did? The place to start is with the most important reason why they had not collapsed earlier: successive Soviet leaderships’ willingness to use as much force as was necessary to preserve Communist systems in the countries that mattered most to them – the Soviet Union had, up until the mid-1980s, given every indication that the preservation of what they called socialism in Eastern Europe was non-negotiable.The second major reason was that the populations of those countries, like governments in the West, believed in the Soviet Union’s determination to uphold Communist rule. This is why Solidarity had been reduced to an underground organization that was a shadow of its former self by the mid-1980s. If the Polish population could have been sure that there was no chance of a Soviet intervention it would have been harder for the pro-Communist forces in Poland to succeed in subduing Solidarity. From a British book on communism, published in 2009.Source FRonald Reagan forced the Soviet Union to abandon its goal of world communism by challenging its legitimacy and regaining superiority in military strength.A core element of the Reagan Doctrine was the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Opponents ridiculed SDI as "Star Wars," but the Soviets believed that the United States had the technical ability to build an anti-ballistic missile system. Reagan’s unwavering commitment to SDI convinced the Kremlin it could not win an arms race and forced Gorbachev to end the Cold War at the bargaining table and not on the battlefield.Almost as essential as SDI was President Reagan’s personal rhetorical offensive. For example, Reagan said the West should recognize that the Soviets "are the focus of evil in this modern world" and the masters of "an evil empire." Reagan took his freedom offensive into the heart of the disintegrating Soviet empire. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate in June 1987, he directly challenged the Kremlin, saying, "Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!"An article published in a conservative American newspaper, 2021.Now answer the following questions:a)Compare and contrast the evidence provided in Sources C and D on the policy of Glasnost.[10]b)How far do sources A – F support the assertion that the end of the Cold War was due to Reagan’s policies?[30]

5Section BYou must answer TWO questions from this section. EITHER 2“The biggest problem faced by the global economy in the 1970s and 1980s was the collapse of the Bretton Woods system.” To what extent do you agree with this statement? [30]OR 3Do you agree that the economic development of Taiwan and South Korea in the 1970s and 1980s was more similar than different?[30]AND EITHER 4“The great powers are mostly to blame for the United Nation’s inability to carry out effective peacekeeping missions.” How far do you agree?[30]OR5Do you agree that attempts to reform the United Nations from 1945 - 2000 have been successful?[30]

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