Hormones (5078 syllabus)

Hor mones 1 Hormones Definition 1. Chemical substance; coordinate growth, development & activity of an organism 2. Alters activity of one or more specific target organs 3. Produced in small amounts 4. Transported in the bloodstream to target organs 5. Destroyed in the liver Insulin Effects: blood glucose level increases above normal stimulates islets of langerhans in the pancreas to secrete more insulin. Insulin is transported in the bloodstream to the muscles and liver. INSULIN helps to: stimulates liver and muscles to increase permeability to glucose excess glucose is converted into glycogen for storage in the liver and muscles. causing uptake of glucose to increase lack of insulin Results in: Diabetes Mellitus glucose can't be stored. So, blood glucose concentration increases. muscles lack reserve of glycogen, causing body weakness and continuous weight loss body oxidises fats instead of glucose to release energy, causing a production of ketones. when there is too much ketones, it lowers the blood pH to dangerous levels. Too much insulin -abnormal decrease in blood glucose concentration -may result in shock -may cause comas and death

Hor mones 2 Diabetes Types: Types type 1 type 2 Onset early late Cause islets of langerhans unable to produce sufficient insulin body cells not responding well to insulin Treatment 1. insulin injections 2. ensure sufficient sugar in diet to avoid blood glucose level dipping below normal 1. regulate carb intake 2. may need to take med/insulin injection Signs: -High blood glucose concentration -presence of sugar in urine (urine is sweet-smelling) -slow or difficult healing wounds Glucagon when blood glucose concentration decreases below normal, it stimulates islets of langerhans in the pancreas to secrete glucagon Blood transports glucagon to liver and muscles. GLUCAGON converts glycogen, fats, amino acids, lactic acid into glucose Change in Blood Glucose Concentration ↑ in BGC 1. increases above normal 2. stimulate islets of langerhans in pancreas → more insulin 3. insulin to liver and muscle cells 4. insulin stimulate convert excess glucose → glycogen (stored in liver and muscles) 5. ‘’ increase permeability of csm to glucose → absorbed more quickly by cell 6. ‘’ increase oxidation of glucose during tissue respiration

Hor mones 3 ↓ in BGC 1. decrease below normal 2. ‘’ → glucagon 3. glucagon to liver and muscle cells 4. glycogen, fats and amino acids and lactic acid → glucose