2023 SAJC J1 Promos Insert (Cluster 1)

ST ANDREW’S JUNIOR COLLEGE Final Examination Higher 2 Geography 9173/01 Paper 1 (Cluster 1) 25 Sept 2023 INSERT 1h 30 min READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST This insert contains all the Resources referred to in the questions. This document consists of 4 printed pages.

SAJC/9173/01Cluster1/FE/2023 2 Resource 1 for Question 1 The River Nile drainage basin Grand Renaissance Dam

SAJC/9173/01Cluster1/FE/2023 3 Resource 2 for Question 1 Population growth rates for countries within the River Nile drainage basin Resource 3 for Question 1 An extract from an academic article on the transboundary water conflicts in the Nile River drainage basin Rivers originating in the Ethiopian highlands, which include the Blue Nile, provide more than 85% of the water that flows into the Nile River. The rest of the Nile’s waters come from the White Nile, which flows from the Great Lakes Region of Central Africa. Since the 1920s, Egypt has, through colonial -era treaties with the British, established near-total control of the Nile. The 1929 Anglo -Egyptian Treaty allocated 57% of Nile waters to Egypt and 5% to Sudan. The 1959 Nile Treaty increased Egypt’s portion to 66% of Nile waters and Sudan’s to 22%. The rest, 12% of Nile waters, was set aside to account for seepage and evaporation. This effectively exhausted the Nile’s annual flow. The rights of Ethiopia and the other upstream states were not recognised. These states were not allocated any of the Nile waters. The treaties also granted Egypt and Sudan the power to veto construction projects on the Nile and its tributaries. Over the years, Ethiopia and the other upstream states have been frustrated over the monopolisation of the Nile waters by Egypt and Sudan. But Egypt and Sudan have resisted subsequent attempts by the Nile basin states to produce new agreements. In 2011, Ethiopia defied the old treaties and announced its plans to build the Grand Renaissance Dam on the Blue Nile. The dam started operations on 20 February 2022, despite protests from Cairo and Khartoum. 2022 population growth rate

SAJC/9173/01Cluster1/FE/2023 4 Resource 4 for Question 1 Egypt’s performance in the various SDGs in 2023