2024 MGS Prelim P2

METHODISTGIRLS’SCHOOL Foundedin1887 PRELIMINARYEXAMINATION2024Secondary4 HISTORY Paper2 Developmentsinthepost-WorldWarIIworld:TheColdWaranddecolonisationinSoutheastAsia,1940s–1991 Thursday 2174/0215August2024 1hour50minutes INSTRUCTIONSTOCANDIDATESWriteyourclass,indexnumberandnameonall theworkyouhandin.Writeindarkblueorblackpen.Donotusestaples,paperclips,glue,orcorrectionfluid. SectionAAnswer all partsofQuestion1. SectionBAnswer twoquestions. Thenumberofmarksisgiveninbrackets[ ]attheendofeachquestion.Thetotal marksforbothsections: 5 Thisquestionpaperconsistsof7printedpagesand1blankpage.

2 SectionA: Source-BasedCaseStudy Question1iscompulsoryforall candidates. Study the Background Information and the sources carefully, and then answer all thequestions. You may use any of the sources to help you answer the questions, in addition to thosesources which you are told to use. In answering the questions, you should use yourknowledgeofthetopictohelpyouinterpretandevaluatethesources. 1 (a) StudySourceA. WhydidMarshall makethisspeechin1947?Explainyouranswer. [5] (b) StudySourceB. How useful is this source as evidence about the Marshall Plan? Explainyouranswer. [5] (c) StudySourcesCandD. DoesSourceDmakeSourceCsurprising?Explainyouranswer. [6] (d) StudySourcesEandF. How far would the authors of these two sources have agreed with eachother?Explainyouranswer. [6] (e) Studyallthesources. ‘TheMarshall Planwasintroducedtorebuildwar-tornEurope.’ Howfardothese sources support thisview?Usethesourcesandyour knowledgetoexplainyouranswer. [8] MethodistGirls’ School HistoryPaper2 Secondary4PreliminaryExamination2024

3 WastheMarshall Planintroducedtorebuildwar-tornEurope? BACKGROUNDINFORMATION Readthiscarefully.Itmayhelpyoutoanswersomeofthequestions. It wasbelievedthat weakeconomiesinwar-tornEuropewouldbevulnerabletothethreatofSoviet communism. In 1946, George Kennan, American diplomat in the Union of SovietSocialist Republics(USSR), sentaLongTelegramthatshapedtheUnitedStatesofAmerica(USA)’s foreign policy to "contain" Soviet expansionism and communism. This led toAmerican President Harry Truman announcing the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to resist thespread of communism through the containment policy. The policy was solidified by theMarshall Plan, an economic aid plan created in 1947 by George Marshall, AmericanSecretary of State. President Truman signed the Marshall Plan in April 1948 to provideUS$13 billion of economic aid to European nations. Stalin, USSRleader, countered it bycreatingCominformandComeconfor communist EasternEurope, USSR’sdefensivebufferzone, andturnedthemintosatellitestates. Somearguedthat theMarshall PlanstartedtheColdWar. WastheMarshall Planintroducedtorebuildwar-tornEurope? SourceA: From a speech made by Marshall about setting out the Marshall Plan in hispressreleaseandradiobroadcast totheworld, June1947. Itislogical thattheUSAshoulddowhateveritcantohelpcountriesrestoreeconomichealthin the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Ourpolicy is directed not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty,desperation,andchaos.Itspurposeshouldbetherevival ofaworkingeconomyintheworldtoproducetheconditionsinwhichfreeinstitutionscanexist. Anygovernment that iswillingtoassistinthetaskofrecoverywill findfull co-operationfromthe American Government. But any government which blocks the recovery of othercountriescannotexpecthelpfromus.Furthermore,governments,political parties,orgroupswhich seek to perpetuate human misery and profit politicallyfromtherewill encounter theoppositionoftheUSA. MethodistGirls’ School HistoryPaper2 Secondary4PreliminaryExamination2024

4 SourceB: From a speech delivered by Soviet Deputy Foreign Secretary to the UnitedNationsGeneral Assembly, September 1947. The “Marshall Plan” is in fact, as it is perfectly clear now, only another version of the“TrumanDoctrine.” It isbecomingmoreandmoreclear toeveryonethattheMarshall Planwill meanplacingEuropeancountriesundertheeconomicandpolitical control oftheUSA.Itwill meandirectinterferencebytheUSAintheinternal affairsofthesecountries.ThePlanisan attempt to split Europe into two camps and to complete the formation of a bloc ofEuropeancountrieshostiletoEasternEuropeandtheUSSR. The intention is to makeuseof WesternGermanyasoneof themost important economicbasesfor AmericanexpansioninEurope, indisregardof thenational interestsof countrieswhichsufferedfromGermanaggression. SourceC: A British cartoon titled ‘The good neighbour’, showing American PresidentTrumanprovidingMarshall AidtoaBritishfarmer, publishedinJune1947. MethodistGirls’ School HistoryPaper2 Secondary4PreliminaryExamination2024

5 SourceD: Froman article by an American historian on theimpact of theMarshall Plan,published in 2018 on the website of an Institute that is non-political andseeksafree-market economy. Britain received the most and twice as much aid as West Germany did, but economicgrowthinBritaindramaticallylaggedbehindthatofWestGermany.France,WestGermany,and Italy began their economic recoveries even before they started getting Marshall Aid.Austria and Greece received a lot of Marshall Aid, per capita, and yet their economicrecoveryonlygotunderwayasMarshall aidwasbeingphasedout. The Marshall plan was not responsible for the economic recovery of Europe. It was thereturntofreemarketeconomiesafterWorldWarII(WWII)thatwasresponsibleforrestoringEurope. During WWII, there were tremendous wartime economic controls in all thesecountries. Withtheendof thewar cametheendofthosecontrolsandeconomicprosperity.After all, theGermaneconomicmiraclewasbasedonendingtheeconomiccontrolsof theNazi-era. SourceE: Fromaninterviewwithasenior official intheSoviet ForeignMinistry, 1997. There were conflictingviewsintheUSSRabout theoffer. Molotov, Soviet ForeignMinisterthen, waswillingtoconsider acceptingtheoffer.HeunderstoodtheUSSRneededhelp.Henotedthat reconstructionwaseveryone’smainaimandthustheUSA’sofferofhelpshouldbe welcomed. Stalin, with his suspicious nature, did not like it. ‘ThisisaploybyTruman.Theydon’t want tohelpus. What theywant istoinfiltrateEuropeancountries,’ hesaid.ButMolotovinsistedonhisviewandwenttotheParisconferencein1947. Stalin, meanwhile, receivedinformationthat theAmericansdidnotwanttheSovietstotakepart. Stalin became even more suspicious and moved to stop the Eastern Europeancountries from taking part. The USA never really wanted the USSRand its satellites tobenefitfromMarshall Aid. TheymadenoefforttopersuadetheUSSRtotakepart. MethodistGirls’ School HistoryPaper2 Secondary4PreliminaryExamination2024

6 SourceF: Fromanextract of abookbyaBritishprofessor, publishedin2005. TheAmericanCongresswasconvincedthat Marshall Aidwouldbeaneconomicbarrier toSoviet expansion. Whatevertheirprivateplans,theAmericans,havingmadetheoffertoall,wouldhavehadnochoicebuttoincludeEasternEurope. Stalin’sdecisiontodenouncetheMarshall Plan was one of his greatest mistakes. The aid was confined to the West andmarkedthedivisionbetweenWesternandEasternEurope. Apart fromrebuilding Europe, the Marshall Plan would benefit the USA. This self-interestwas distinctly enlightened. The loans—especially tomajor westernEuropeanstatessuchas Britain—came with strings attached. American diplomat Allen Dulles argued that theMarshall PlanhelpedrestoreEuropewhichcouldcompetewiththeminworldmarketsandbuysubstantial amountsofAmericanproducts. The Marshall Plan represented progress. Marshall's invitation did at least oblige themutuallysuspiciousEuropeanstatestositdowntogetherandco-ordinatetheirresponses. MethodistGirls’ School HistoryPaper2 Secondary4PreliminaryExamination2024

7 SectionB: Essays Answer twoquestions. 2 ‘Americanentryintothewar wasthemainreasonfor theendofWorldWarII(WWII).’ Howfar doyouagreewiththisstatement?ChooseEITHERtheendofWWIIinEuropeORtheAsia-Pacificasyourcontext.Explainyouranswer. [10] 3 ‘The Gulf of Tonkin incident was the main reason for the escalation of theVietnam War.’ How far do you agree with this statement? E