climate + tourism examples [2024 syllabus]

Tourism TourismgrowthMotivationtotravel- Needfor relaxation Phuket, ThailandAsurveyfoundthat oneof themainreasonswhyBritishtouristsvisit Phuket, Thailand, anislandfamousfor itsscenicbeaches, istorest andrelax - Needtoachievepersonal growthandself-fulfillment Bali, IndonesiaManycookingschoolshavesprungupinBali tocater totourists’ desiretolearnmoreaboutBalineseculture - Needfor uniqueexperiences AntarcticaTourismnumbersinAntarcticahaveincreasedsignificantlyinthelast twodecadesastourists’interest inoneof thelast uninhabitedregionsincreased🔥 Abilitytotravel- Increaseindisposableincome ChinaInChina, asGDPquadrupled, international tourismgrewfromabout ninemilliondeparturesin1999, to154milliondeparturesin2019 - Increaseindisposableincome ChinaIn2015, theChinesegovernment encouragedemployerstogiveworkershalf adayof paidleaveonFridaysduringthesummer monthstohelpboost domestictourism. - Businessinnovationsintourism-relatedindustries SearchenginesWebsitessuchasExpediaandTrivagohavesearchenginesspecificallyfor travellerstocomparetripreviewsandprices, andbooktheir tripsdirectlyonthewebsite. - Lower transportationcosts Budget airlines

Budget airlinessuchasAirAsia, whichoffer significantlylower prices, havebecomeincreasinglypopular for travel withinSoutheast Asia - Lower accommodationcosts AirBnBIt connectspeoplewhowant torent their homesout totourists, increasingthevarietyofaccommodationthat touristscanstayin. In2019, it wasestimatedthat morethan2millionpeoplestayedinanAirbnbpropertyeveryday. Mobilitytotravel- Expansionof privatetransport servicesandinfrastructure SingaporeT4Theopeningof Changi Airport’sTerminal 4meansthat therecanbemoreflightsfromotherpartsof AsiatoSingapore, makingtravel withintheregionmoreconvenient - Introductionof newmodesof travel ShinkansenIn1965, aconventional trainwouldtake6hoursand40minutestotravel fromTokyotoOsaka.Withtheintroductionof theShinkansenor bullet train, thetriphasbeenshortenedto3hoursand10minutes. FlightsIntheearly1950s, acommercial flight fromSingaporetoLondonwouldtaketwotofour days,withmanystopoversinbetween. Today, air travel wouldtake14hourswithout anystopover. - Increasedprivatecar ownership USInthe1950s, privatecar ownershipintheUSincreasedsignificantly, resultinginanincreaseindomestictourism. Tourismdevelopment- Exploration JacoIsland, Timor LesteFewinternational visitorsduetoinaccessiblelocationandlackof tourismfacilities - Involvement

KuangSi Waterfall, LaosAuthoritiesinvestedmoneytoimprovefacilitiesat thewaterfall - Development PhuQuocisland, VietnamIn2019, it hadarapidincreaseintourist arrivalsto5.1million - Consolidation Goa, IndiaIn2019, foreigntourists(7million) outnumber locals(1.5million) - Stagnation Hawaii, USA(1990sto2000s)Tourismarrivalsandexpendituresbegantodeclineinthelate1990sandearly2000s - Decline Blackpool, UK(1990s)Lost itsattractivenessduetocompetitionfromother Europeancoastal withmorecompetitivepricing - Rejuvenation Blackpool, UK(present)Re-marketeditself asamuslim-friendlyanddisabled-friendlydestination Economicimpacts- Employment opportunitiesinformal andinformal tourismsectors(+) ThailandAccordingtoastudydonein2020, upto3.5millionlocalsareinformallyemployedinthetourismsector inThailand. Most of theselocalsmainlyprovidedaccommodationor foodservicestotourists - Incomegenerationfromtourists’ spendingonconsumer goodsandservices(+) Maldives

Inthe1980s, theMaldiveswasoneof theworld’spoorest countries. Today, itseconomyhasgrownduetothetourismopportunitiesofferedbyitsnatural landscape, resultinginlowpovertyrates. - Economicleakagesresultinginlesstourismrevenue(-) UNEPAccordingtotheUnitedNationsEnvironment Programme, for everyUS$100spent byatouristonholidaytoadevelopingcountry, onlyUS$5remainsinthelocal host community. - Overdependenceontourism, whichincreasesvulnerabilitytosuddenfall intouristnumbers(-) CaribbeanIslandsIn2017, partsof theCaribbeanIslandswerestruckbyasuccessionof powerful hurricanes.About 95%of thebuildingsthereweredestroyedresultinginonemillionfewer tourist arrivalsandanestimatedlossof revenueof over US$700million. Social impacts- Cultural preservation(+) BhutanThegovernment imposesadailyfeeontourists, whichhelpsfundcultural preservationprojects. - Enhancingcultural ecosystemservices(+) Great Barrier Reef, AustraliaTheGreat Barrier Reef enhancescultural ecosystemservicesbyprovidingopportunitiesforrecreational diving, snorkeling, andeducational tours. - Commodificationof cultural ritualsandartforms(-) Hawaii —HuladanceOriginallyasacreddanceandstorytellingpractice, thehulahasbeencommercializedfor touristentertainment inHawaii. - Cultural clashes(-) Uluru, AustraliaBecameapopular tourist destinationfor visitorswhowouldclimbtherockdespiteitsdeepspiritual significancewhichledtotheeventual banningof climbingUluruin2019, inaneffort torespect andprotect thecultural significanceof thesite.

Environmental impacts- Conservationof natural environmentsandpreservationof biodiversity(+) GalapagosIslands, Ecuador97%of thetotal areaismarkedasanaturereserve, henceonly3%isleft for residential andrecreational use. - Restorationof degradedaquaticandterrestrial ecosystems(+) YosemiteNational Park, CaliforniaUSATheentryfee($35/vehicle) isusedtofinancehabitat restorationandwildliferesearch - Pollution(-) MayaBay, ThailandClosedfor 2monthsin2024toallowtheecosystemtorecover fromthedamagecausedbyexcessivetourismandpollution. - Depletionof natural resourcesandthreatstowildlifehabitats(-) BoracayIsland, PhilippinesWastewater generatedbyexcesstourismwasbeingemptiedintothesea, endangeringmarinelifeandresultinginthedepletionof natural resources. Stakeholdersinfluencingsustainabledevelopment- Governments Sentosa, SingaporeTheauthoritiesbringtogether different stakeholderstodevelopaseriesof planstoenabletheislandtobecomemoresustainable, includingachievingcarbon-neutral statusby2030. - International organizations UNSDGFundTheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopment GoalsFundsupportsconservationeffortsinTanzania, ensuringtheenvironmental development of theregion. - Businesses

Quicksilver Cruises, AustraliaWorkswiththeplanningauthoritiestopromoteecotourism. - Locals SingaporeLocalscanseekguidancefromtheNational Environment Agencytopursuesustainabletourismpracticeswhenhostinginternational events, meetingsandconventions. - Tourists Bali, IndonesiaTouristsshouldbeawarethat theyhavetodressmodestlywhenvisitingreligioussites. Different approachesinachievingsustainabletourism- Ecotourism GalapagosIslands, EcuadorTouristsarenot allowedtoexploretheislandsontheir own. Aguide, whoeducatestourists, isrequiredat eachsite. - Community-basedTourism KayanJungleExperience, ThailandTheKarenhill tribeinnorthernThailandofferscommunity-basedtourismexperienceswherevisitorsstayinthevillageandlearnabout their traditional farmingpractices, handicrafts, andspiritual beliefs. - Pro-poor tourism IndiaIndia’srural tourisminitiativeconnectstouristswithrural communitieswherelocalsofferhomestaysandcultural experiences.

Climate Factorsimpactingair temperature- Latitude Beijing, ChinavsSGBeijing, China(40°Nof theequator) hastemperatureaveraging12°CwhileSingapore(1°Noftheequator) hastemperaturesaveraging29°C. - Altitude GentingHighlandsAveragetemperaturesat GentingHighlands(altitudeof 1700mabovesealevel) isabout 21°C.Averagetemperaturesinthesurroundingareaswhichareat sealevel is32°C. - Natureof surfaces CBDvsMacritchiereservoirNight-timetemperaturesat Singapore’sCentral BusinessDistrict werefoundtobe2°Cwarmerthantheareanear Macritchiereservoir, whichhasverydensevegetation. - Distancefromthesea Alaska, USAAnchorage, acoastal cityinAlaska, USA, hasalower annual temperaturerangeof 23°C.Fairbanks, aninlandcityinAlaska, USA, hasahigher annual temperaturerangeof 40°C. Natural variabilityof climate- Sunspot occurrences TheHalloweenStorms(2003)Aseriesof intensesolar flaresaffectedEarth’sclimate. - Large-scalevolcaniceruptions Mt Pinatubo, PhilippinesThevolcaniceruptionof Mount Pinatuboin1991ledtoadropinaverageglobal temperatureofabout 0.6°Cover 15monthsafter t