Elective Geog Notes (Tourism & Tectonics) - New syllabus

Read me!Thesenotesarefor tourism+tectonicsfor thenewelectivegeographysyllabus(2260)2024onwards.Thesenotesdonot cover everytopicinthesyllabus, sopleasestudyit alongsidethenotesgivenbyyour school teachers. Someof theinformationbelowisnot fromthetextbookasit isgivenbymyownschool teachers, donot blindlymemoriseunlessyouunderstandthecontentwell. Thanksandgoodluck! PRIMEEXAMPLES: 1. 2010Haiti Earthquake(Port-au-Prince)a. Mw7, 220thousanddeaths, 250thousandhousescollapsed(developingcountry)b. Duetolowqualitybuildings(low-qualityconcrete), 90%of buildingscollapsedi. Duetopoor governanceandcorruptionii. Government prioritieseconomicdevelopmentc. Monitoringandwarningsystemsmalfunctionedi. Countrylacksresourcesandfinancestomaintaind. Port-au-Princelocatedonsoft soil →seismicwavesamplifiede. Denselypopulatedcity→morepeopleexposedf. City25kmfromepicentre→moreexposedriskg. SearchandRescue:i. 7S&Rteamsdeployed, 130rescuedii. Shortageof ambulances&heavymachinery(delayedtime)h. After water supplywasdisrupted, UNICEFprovidedcleanwater, food, shelterandmedical assistance2. 2010-2011Christchurch, NewZealandEarthquakea. 60thousandbuildingsdamaged3. 2008Great SichuanEarthquakea. Mw7.9, 15thousandlandslides, 20thousanddeaths4. 2011TohokuEarthquake/Tsunamia. Mw9, 40mtall wave, 18thousanddeathsi. LowdeathsdespitehighmagnitudeduetoJapan’shazardresistantbuildingsb. Durationof shaking: 6minsc. Fukushimapower plant destroyed→radioactivewasted. Warningsystemssent out tostopall 19bullet trains, savingmanypassengerse. Evacuation: Duetomanydrill exercises, all 3000studentsof Kamaishi citysurvivedastheyevacuatedtohigher groundsf. 500khomelesspeoplewererehousedinsettlementswithhazard-resistantdesigns5. 2018Mt Kilauea, Hawaii Volcanoa. 0VEI, 24injured

b. 600homesdestroyed+1000hectaresof landburnedbylavaflowc. Shieldvolcanoi. Lowsilica, effusiveeruption, broadbase, gentlesides, broadsummitd. Popular tourist destination(MaunaLoatoo)i. Total earnings: $88millionannually, localshavejobopportunities 6. 2010Mt Merapi, Indonesiaa. 2-3VEI, 350peoplekilled, 350kevacuatedb. Stratovolcanoi. Highsilica, narrowbase, steepsides, narrowsummitii. Not veryexplosiveasgasescapeseasily(anomaly)iii. Pyroclasticflowtravelled3kmc. Volcanosandsminedtoobtainmaterial for buildingconstructiond. Fertilesoil producedfor growingrice7. 2010Chileearthquakea. Me8.8, 500deathsalthoughit isadevelopingcountryi. Stakeholdersput infundstoreducedisaster risk8. 1995KobeJapanEarthquakea. Mw6.9, 6000deaths, 40kinjuredb. Timeof shaking: 6amc. Denselypopulatedat 3000ppl per km^29. 2017Mt Agung, Indonesiaa. HighVEIb. Fertilesoil: Ricegrowinginnearbyricefieldsc. Tourism: sceniclandscapesd. Lahars: triggeredduetoheavyrainfall fromtyphoon10. 1991Mt Pinatubo, Philippinesa. Respiratoryillness, 7airportsclosed, destroyed800km^2of ricefieldsb. Windsat 20m/s→ashfall andtephrawasspreadextensivelyi. 90khectaresof farmlanddamaged11. Mt Sinabunga. Manysettlementswithin3kmradius(greater exposure)12. 2018Palu, IndonesiaEarthquakea. Mw7.4, 4000deathsi. Low-lyinghomesswept awaybyearthquakeandtsunamisb. Tsunami buoysandtidal gaugeswerenot functioning, henceunabletowarnpeopleabout tsunami beforehand, leadingtodeathsc. Mental healthvolunteerscounselledchildren13. Taipei 101(Taiwan)a. Strongmaterials, crossbraces, damperstoreduceswayingandshockabsorbers

1. JacoIsland(Timor Leste)a. Exploration: Attractivebeaches, scenicviews(inaccessible, lacksfacilities)2. Nepala. Involvement: Trekupmountains, Oct toMar (Withpeak&off peakseasons)b. Venturers/Adventuretourism: trekupMt. Everest at 8848mabovesealeveli. Touristsdonot respect theareaandpollute, leavingtheir itemsonthemountain→contaminatessoil3. Malaysia→Developmenta. Heavyadvertisement, moretourismemployment4. Goa(India)a. Consolidation: 7milliontouristsvs1.5millionlocalsat beaches, 2019(touristnumbers>local numbers)b. 33%of populationreliesontourismfor livelihood5. Hawaii (USA)a. Stagnation: 1990-2000, overcrowded, oldfacilities(peaked, beginstodecline)b. After lockdown, localsagainst openingupHawaii totouristsi. Touristsdonot respect theculture, rules, threatenssenseof identity6. Blackpool (UK)a. Decline: 1990, lost appeal duetocompetition&overcrowdingb. Rejuvenation: 2000, renovation&designtobemuslim&disablefriendly,rebranded(increaseinarrivals)7. Singaporea. Sportstourism: SGGrandPrixFormula1raceeverySeptemberb. Tourismcontributesto4%of GDPc. Tourismpreservesi. CulturefoundinChinatown, LittleIndiaetcii. Natural areas→Bukit TimahNatureReserve(cultural ecosystemservices)d. Onewayflight fromSG→KLproduced30kgof CO2

8. SouthKoreaa. Healthtourism: Cosmeticsurgery(advanced, short waitingtime)9. MachuPicchu(Peru)a. Heritagetourism: lost ancient civilisation 10. Balia. Healthtourism: Yogaandwellnesssparesortsb. 3millionout of 4.4millionworkintourismi. 80%of economyfromtourismc. Duetocovid,i. 2019: 6.3milliontourists.ii. 2020, 2021: hardlyanyd. Tourismindustryuses3millionlitresof water per day(for hotels, golf courses)11. Maldivesa. 70%of jobsrelatedtotourismb. 70%of GDPfromtourismi. 1980swasapoor country, but economyhasimprovedduetotourismc. 2008, 2009: global financial crisis→4%dropintourist arrivalsd. Duetocoastal resorts, coralsaredying12. Thailanda. 70%of moneyearnedfromtourismleavesThailandb. 12%of GDPfromtourismc. 2020: unfavourablepolitical situation→protestsinBangkokagainst militaryd. MayaBay:i. ChargesUS$12per visitor tousefor conservationof aquaticecosystemsii. Closedfor manymonthsfor restorationof damagedcoralsandmarinelifeiii. Max375visitorsper daytothebeachafter reopening, 1hr duration13. Japana. 2011: Tohokuearthquake→touristsarrivalsdropped65%comparedto2010i. SouthKoreaaffectedtooaslessJapanesetouristscameii. NamiebecameaFukushimaattractionastouristsviewabandonedbuildings14. Canadaa. Lossof authenticity: Totempolesmassproducedassouvenirs, losesmeaning

STAKEHOLDERS Governments - Supportstourismexpansionasit isvital for Bali’seconomy- Establishespolicies, createsplansandenforcesregulations- Collaborateswithother stakeholderstopool resourcestofundfor sustainabletourismpractices- Hastheabilitytoimprovefacilitiestoprevent overcrowdingof tourists&opt for moresustainablefacilities- Bali imposepayment of US$10per tourist tohelpfindconservationprojects- Environmental: Implementsandenforceslawsthat protect theenvironment. Tourismrevenueusedtofundwastemanagement facilities.- Social: Taxrevenueusedtobuildinfrastructure&social services(healthcare&education) inTDR- Economic: Morebusiness&touristsfacilities→morejobopportunitiesfor locals. Withimprovedfacilities, moretouristsattractedtocome→elevatesBali asTDR- Poor enforcement due to corruption causes stakeholders to not adhere torules implemented. Government may tend to prioritse economic benefitsmore, neglecting environmental &social sustainability IGOS/INGOS - Against tourismexpansionasit canleadtofurther environmental degradation- Hastheknowledge, financial andtechnical expertisetoprovideassistancetosustainabledevelopment whichthegovernment cannot do- INGOs: Bali StarlingConservationProgramme- IGOs: UNESCO- initiatesPeopleProtectingProgrammetoinformtouriststoprotectUNESCOsitesegriceterrace&famoustemplesinBali- Environmental: Lossof biodiversityisreducedasmoretouristsareinformedofpreservingnatural beauty- Social: Dilutionof cultural heritageminimisedastheyhavetofollow‘Global CodeofEthicsfor Tourism’ establishedbyUnitedNationsWorldTourismOrgansation- Economic: Local jobsarepreserved- INGOs may lack understanding of local context and hence might havediffering views compared to the locals. Most organisations are non-profithence lack funds to continuously support sustainability projects Businesses - Supportstourismexpansionastheycangaineconomicbenefits

- Hastheincentivetopursuesustainabletourismtokeepbusinessprofitable- Hasfinancial resourcestopursuesustainabletourismdevelopment- Collaborateswithother stakeholderstopromoteecotourism- Bali Bucket List Toursfocusesonnatural ecosystemandheritageareas- Environmental: Environment isprotectedasmorebusinesses