[SAJC] Transformation of China economies 2024

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme II: The Development of the Global Economy 1 The development of the Global Economy Topic 2: Transformation of East Asian Economies: China (1978- 2000) SAJC History Unit, 2024 Learning Outcomes (from the Examination Syllabus) 5 Essential Questions for this topic: 5 Guiding Questions for this topic: 5 1. Introduction 6 2. China’s economy under Mao Zedong (1949-1976) 6 2.1 Orthodox Maoism (“Mao Zedong Thought”) 7 2.1.1 Peasants as source of revolution 7 2.1.2 People’s War 7 2.1.3 New Democracy 8 2.1.4 Continuous class struggle / Permanent revolution 8 3. Socialist Construction (1949-1957) 9 3.1 Rural sector policies – Cooperatives, Collectivisation 9 3.2 Urban sector policies – Anti-bourgeoisie policies (Five year Plans) 9

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme II: The Development of the Global Economy 2 3.2.1 The “Hundred Flowers” Campaign, 1957 and the “Anti-Rightist” Campaign 1958 10 3.2.2 The (failure of) the Great Leap Forward, 1958-1962 10 3.2.3 Mao’s Reaction to the Great Leap Forward 11 3.2.4 The (chaos of) the Cultural Revolution, 1966-1976 11 3.2.5 The succession of Mao 12 3.2.5a Overview of power struggles within the Communist Party leadership in 1970s 12 3.2.5b Rise of the Gang of Four 13 3.2.5c Power struggle after Mao's Death and Rise of Hua Guofeng as his successor 13 4. The Reform Era under Deng Xiaoping, 1978-2000 and reasons for the rise of China’s economy 14 4.1 Statistical facts of China’s economy before and after reforms began 14 4.2 The Role and Leadership of Deng Xiaoping 16 4.2.1 Deng’s philosophy / approach = pragmatism and gradualism 16 4.2.1a Pragmatism 18 4.2.1b Gradualism 17 4.2.2 “The Four Modernisations” - Agriculture, Industry, Science and Technology, National Defence 17 4.2.3 Socialism with Chinese Characteristics 18 4.2.4 Significance first steps to start reforms = reversal of earlier policies 18 4.2.4a Rehabilitating the ‘rightists’ 18 4.2.4b Rehabilitating the ‘sent-down youths’ and changes to University education 18

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme II: The Development of the Global Economy 3 4.3 Deng’s economic reforms 19 4.3.1 Rural reforms 19 4.3.1a Increasing of payment for and lowering state acquisition of agricultural produce 19 4.3.1b End of collectivisation and communes & introduction of the household responsibility system 20 4.3.1c Commercialisation of rural agriculture 20 4.3.1d Revival of markets and encouragement of rural enterprises and the rise of TVEs 20 4.3.2 Urban market reforms 21 4.3.2a Less emphasis on heavy industries with more emphasis on light industries 21 4.3.2b Reforming state enterprises 22 4.3.2c Gradual privatisation 22 4.3.2d Price Liberalisation 23 4.3.2e Rise in prices accompanied by wage increases, state subsidies