[SAJC] Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) Final (2024)

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme III: Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) 1 Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) Topic 1: Indo-Pakistani Conflict (1945-1972) SAJC History Unit, 2024 Learning Outcomes (from the Examination Syllabus) 4 Essential Questions for this topic: 4 Guiding Questions for this topic: 4 1. Introduction 5 1.1 Understanding the Indo-Pakistani conflict over Kashmir 6 2. Origins of the Indo-Pakistani Conflict over Kashmir 7 2.1 Context: The Land of Kashmir 7 2.2 Decolonisation (The Partition of India) 8 2.3 Security (Strategic Geographical Location) 12 2.4 Economic Interests (Control over resources) 13 2.5 Ethno-Religious Significance of Kashmir 14 2.6 Competing Nationalisms and Statehood 15 3. Outbreak of the Conflict 17 3.1 Pakistan’s war by proxy 17 3.2 The Accession of Kashmir to India 17

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme III: Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) 2 4. Protracted Regional Conflict: the Indo-Pakistani Wars 20 4.1 The First Indo-Pakistani War/First Kashmir War (1947-48) 20 4.1.1 How the War began 20 4.1.2 Consequences 21 4.2 The Second Indo-Pakistani War/Second Kashmir War (1965) 21 4.2.1 How the War began 21 4.2.2 Consequences 22 4.3 The Third Indo-Pakistani War/Bangladesh Liberation War (1965) 23 4.3.1 How the War began 23 4.3.2 Consequences 24 5. The Unending conflict over Kashmir 27 5.1 A Clash of Competing Nationalisms 27 5.1.1 Indian Nationalism 28 5.1.2 Pakistani Nationalism 28 5.1.3 Kashmiri Nationalism 29 6. Contrasting Attitudes towards the Kashmir Issue 29 6.1 India’s Attitudes/Policies 30 6.2 Pakistan’s Attitudes/Policies 30 7. Role of the Cold War and Superpowers 31 7.1 Minimal global superpower involvement during the 1st IPC 32 7.2 The Cold War in South Asia by 1965 32 7.3 The 1971 Indo-Pakistani Conflict and Superpower involvement 32

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme III: Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) 3 8. Role of the United Nations 33 8.1 Challenges in Mediation and establishment of UNMOGIP during 1st IPC 33 8.2 Adoption of Resolution 210 and role of U Thant during 2nd IPC 35 8.3 Humanitarian efforts during the 3rd IPC 36 9. The Rise of Religious Fundamentalism in South Asia 38 9.1 Hindu Fundamentalism 38 9.2 Islamic Fundamentalism 39 10. Impact on Domestic Politics 40 11. Effectiveness of Conflict Management (Diplomacy) 40 11.1 Diplomatic Efforts during the 1st IPC 40 11.2 Diplomatic Efforts during the 2nd IPC 41 11.2.1 Role of United States 42 11.2.2 Soviet Union’s strategic interests 42 11.2.3 Limitation of the Tashkent Agreement 43 11.3 Diplomatic Efforts during the 3rd IPC 43 11.3.1 Global Alliances and Strategic Interests 44 11.3.2 United Nations and the Diplomatic Showdown 44 12. Effectiveness of Conflict Management (Peacekeeping) 46 13. Threat of a Regional Nucl