[SAJC] Conflict and Cooperation Congo Crisis (1960-1964) Final (2024)

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme III: Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) 1 Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) Topic 3: Congo Crisis (1960-1965) SAJC History Unit, 2024 Learning Outcomes (from the Examination Syllabus) 4 Essential Questions for this topic: 4 Guiding Questions for this topic: 4 1. Introduction to Intra-state Conflicts 5 1.1 Understanding root causes 6 1.2 Illustration of complexity 6 1.3 Key terms and concepts 6 2. Overview of Case Study: The Congo Crisis 7 2.1 Background of the Congo Crisis 7 2.2 Post-Colonial Conflict 8 2.3 Key Issues of the Congro Crisis 9 3. Causes of the Congo Crisis 9 3.1 Political Causes 9 3.1.1 Post-Colonial Power Struggles 9 3.2 Economic Causes 10 3.2.1 Resource Wealth and Economic Exploitation 10

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme III: Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) 2 3.3 Ethnic and Religious Nationalisms 12 3.3.1 Ethnic Tensions 12 3.3.2 Religious Nationalism 12 3.4 Ideological Causes 13 4. Domestic Actors 15 4.1 Key Domestic Actors 15 4.2 Interaction Between Domestic Actors and the Conflict Dynamics 19 5. International Actors 20 5.1 Belgium’s Role in the crisis 20 5.1.1 Colonial Legacy and Initial involvement 20 5.1.2 Military Intervention and International Criticism 22 5.1.3 Withdrawal and Continued Influence 23 6. United State’s Role in the crisis 23 6.1 Cold War Context 23 6.2 CIA Involvement and Lumumba’s Assassination 24 6.3 Support for Mobutu and the Anti-Communist Agenda 24 6.4 UN Involvement 25 7. Soviet Union’s Role in the crisis 26 7.1 USSR’s support for Patrick Lumumba 26 7.2 Cold War Dynamics 27 7.3 After Lumumba’s Downfall 27 7.4 Support for Lumumbists and Opposition Movements 28

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme III: Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) 3 8. Challenges, Impact and Legacy 29 9 Conflict Management in the Congo Crisis 30 9.1 UN Operations in the Congo (ONUC 1960-1964) 30 9.2 Rise of Mobutu's Authoritarian Rule (1965) 33 10. Long-Term impacts of Conflict Management Strategies 33 10.1 Mobutu’s Long Reign 33 11. Lessons Learnt 35 11.1 Role of International Organisations 35 11.1.1 UN’s involvement 35 12. Complexity of post-conflict reconstruction 35 12.1 Necessity of addressing underlying issues 35 14. Conclusion and Food for Thought 36

Saint Andrew’s Junior College (2024) 9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme III: Conflict and Cooperation (1945-2000) 4 Learning Outcomes (from the Examination Syllabus) Students are able to: ● evaluate causes of conflicts ● evaluate the roles of different actors in the development of conflicts over time ● evaluate the effectiveness of conflict management Essential Questions for this topic: • Why did conflicts occur and how did they affect the international order? • Why do countries/ethnic groups engage in war and conflict