2023 9174 H2 History Paper 1_Theme I Topic 3_ End of the Cold War

9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme I: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLD WAR (1945 – 1991) Topic 2: Manifestations of the Global Cold War 1 Topic 3: End of the Cold War SAJC History Unit, 2023 Syllabus Overview 2 Syllabus Content 3 Syllabus Learning Outcomes 3 3. End of the Cold War 3 3.1 The USA’s policy of renewed confrontation and containment: the USA’s role in arms control negotiations, the Strategic Defence Initiative programme, the Reagan Doctrine 3 Detente in the 1970s 3 Soviet Opportunism in the Third World 4 The Unrelenting Nuclear Arms Race 4 The Space Race 6 The Arms Race 7 3.1.1 The USA’s Role in Arms Control Negotiations 8 Stalemate in Arms Control Negotiations 9 INF Talks 9 START 10 3.1.2 The Strategic Defense Initiative 10 Ronald Reagan and His Policies 10 Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) 12 3.1.3 The Reagan Doctrine 13 The Reagan Doctrine in the Third World 13 3.2 Decline of the USSR and shifts in Soviet foreign policy: economic problems, Gorbachev’s ‘New Thinking’, the Sinatra Doctrine 14 3.2.1 The USSR before Gorbachev: A Systemic Crisis 15 The Soviet Political Regime: An Authoritarian Political Structure 15 A Centrally Planned Economy 16 Features of Soviet Economic Planning 18 Inherent Structural Flaws of the Soviet Economy 18 Economic relations with Eastern Europe 19

9174/01 H2 History Paper 1 Theme I: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COLD WAR (1945 – 1991) Topic 2: Manifestations of the Global Cold War 2 Conclusion 19 3.2.2 Gorbachev’s ‘New Thinking’ 20 Initiatives to End the Nuclear Arms Race 20 The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 21 Strategic Arms Reduction Talks / Treaty (START) 22 Role of the USSR in International Politics 22 Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan 22 Improved Sino-Soviet Ties 23 The ‘Gorbachev Doctrine’ in the Third World 23 3.2.2 The “Sinatra Doctrine” 23 Relaxation of Soviet Control over Eastern Europe 24 An Overview of the “Sinatra Doctrine” in Eastern Europe (excluding Poland and East Germany) 25 Rise of Charter 77 and Velvet Revolution (Czechoslovakia) 25 Hungarian pro-democracy movement in the 1980s 26 Bulgarian pro-democracy movement in the 1980s 27 Romania’s violent transition to democracy in the 1980s 28 Consequences of Gorbachev’s ‘New Thinking’ in Foreign Policy 30 3.2.3 Eastern European movements and revolutions in the 1980s: Poland and East Germany 30 Rise of Solidarity Movement and Crisis in Poland, 1980 30 East German Pro-Democracy Movement in the 1980s and the Fall of the Berlin Wall 32 3.3 Historical interpretations of end of the Cold War: Western triumphalist, Soviet initiative and ‘People Power’ debates 33 Western Triumphalism 34 Soviet Initiative 35 “People Power” 36 3.4 Who won the Cold War 33 Capitalism and Democracy Won the Cold War 34 The USSR / Communism was the Bigger “Loser” 34 Syllabus Overview In this theme, students will study the Cold War which resulted from the USA and