SAJC H2 History Paper 2 2024 Lecture 4 Political Structures Pt 1

Paper 2: Developments in Southeast Asia (Independence – 2000) Theme I: Forming Nation-States – Establishing Political Structures and Legitimacy 1 SAJC/History Department/SEA/JC1/Theme 1: Forming Nation-States/Lt4/2023/ INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY Lecture 4: Phase 1 – Democratic Governments SAJC History Unit, 2023 1. Possible question types for this lecture 2. Case Study 1: Burma 3. Case Study 2: Indonesia 4. Case Study 3: Philippines 5. Case Study 4: The Federation of Malaya / Malaysia 6. Case Study 5: Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam)

Paper 2: Developments in Southeast Asia (Independence – 2000) Theme I: Forming Nation-States – Establishing Political Structures and Legitimacy 2 SAJC/History Department/SEA/JC1/Theme 1: Forming Nation-States/Lt4/2023/ INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY

Paper 2: Developments in Southeast Asia (Independence – 2000) Theme I: Forming Nation-States – Establishing Political Structures and Legitimacy 3 SAJC/History Department/SEA/JC1/Theme 1: Forming Nation-States/Lt4/2023/ INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 1. Possible question types for the lecture 1.1 Assessing effectiveness of democratic govts in consolidating power • Criterion to assess effectiveness in consolidating power a) Ability to harness traditional institutions b) Ability to maintain order and stability c) Ability to promote constitutional forms and practices d) Ability to promote socio-economic development 1.2 Evaluate significance of each factor in determining whether SEA governments could consolidate power • Factors influencing the consolidation of power: a) Role of Government Leaders o Positive: capacity to consolidate power based on political ideology and nationalist credentials o Negative: Incompetent and driven by self-interest b) Role of Constitutional Processes and Elections o Distribution of political power, provision of avenues for political representation; political mandate o Help to provide structure and foundation on how the country was run → basis of governance c) Role of the Military o Use of the military to create order and stability d) Role of Traditional Institutions o Tapping on traditional institutions like monarchy, religion, and patron-client relationships as sources of legitimacy e) Government Performance o Ability of governments in creating political order, social cohesion and economic growth

Paper 2: Developments in Southeast Asia (Independence – 2000) Theme I: Forming Nation-States – Establishing Political Structures and Legitimacy 4 SAJC/History Department/SEA/JC1/Theme 1: Forming Nation-States/Lt4/2023/ INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY f) Role of Political Challenges and Opposition o as litmus tests of whether governments were able to consolidate power and legitimacy o Political challenges : communist threats, minority uprisings, military coups o Served as a litmus test to the democratic govts in the early years of independence o Popular opposition