SAJC H2 History Paper 2 2024 Lecture 2 Approaches to Governance SEA

Paper 2: Developments in Southeast Asia (Independence – 2000) Theme I: Forming Nation-States- Establishing Political Structures and Legitimacy 1 SAJC/History Department/SEA/JC1/Theme 1: Forming Nation-States/Lt2/2023/ INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY Lecture 2: Factors for the establishment of different forms of government - Decolonisation experience, Role of Local Political Elites and Masses, Cold War Developments SAJC History Unit, 2023 1. Impact of the decolonisation process: Overview 2. Impact of local political elites: Overview 3. Impact of mass political participation: Overview 4. Cold War Developments: Overview 5. Putting them together: Impact of decolonisation process, local political elites, mass political participation and Cold War Developments 6. Peaceful paths to independence: Philippines 7. Peaceful paths to independence: Malaya 8. Peaceful paths to independence: Burma 9. Violent paths to independence: Indonesia 10.Violent paths to independence: Vietnam

Paper 2: Developments in Southeast Asia (Independence – 2000) Theme I: Forming Nation-States- Establishing Political Structures and Legitimacy 2 SAJC/History Department/SEA/JC1/Theme 1: Forming Nation-States/Lt2/2023/ INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY 1. Impact of the decolonisation process 1.1 Overview Before we proceed further in this section, let us examine the following diagram: Vietnam Indonesia Burma Malaya, Philippines Largely negative experience Largely positive experience • One of the first things we should observe from the diagram above is that decolonisation was not a uniform experience for Southeast Asia. • Even between countries that are on the same end of the spectrum, such as Indonesia and Vietnam, it can be argued that Vietnam’s experience was even more negative than Indonesia’s. As History students, we need to be aware of the diversity of experiences that contributed at least partially to the different forms of governments that emerged in Southeast Asia over time.

Paper 2: Developments in Southeast Asia (Independence – 2000) Theme I: Forming Nation-States- Establishing Political Structures and Legitimacy 3 SAJC/History Department/SEA/JC1/Theme 1: Forming Nation-States/Lt2/2023/ INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY • Democracy got off to a somewhat better start in the newly independent Philippines and Malaya, but even in these countries there were issues, such as the de facto disenfranchisement of the Malayan minorities. • It is important that beyond the immediate post -independence years, decolonisation had a long-term impact that could possibly be seen around a decade after a country’s independence. • In the short term, decolonisation generally had the following impact: o New governments in the independent states under revolutionary leaders who had been popular since the pre-war period; o The emergence of domestic political (and ethnic-religious) divisions;