SAJC H2 History Paper 2 2024 Lecture 1 Approaches to Governance SEA Background Knowledge

Paper 2: Developments in Southeast Asia (Independence – 2000) Theme I: Forming Nation-States- Establishing Political Structures and Legitimacy 1 SAJC/History Department/SEA/JC1/Theme 1: Forming Nation-States/Lt1/2023/ INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY Lecture 1: Pre-independent Southeast Asia SAJC History Unit, 2023 1. Making sense of the syllabus for our learning 2. [Background knowledge] When and how SEA become colonised? 3. [Background knowledge] The development of nationalism 4. [Background knowledge] Impact of Japanese Occupation on development of nationalism in SEA

Paper 2: Developments in Southeast Asia (Independence – 2000) Theme I: Forming Nation-States- Establishing Political Structures and Legitimacy 2 SAJC/History Department/SEA/JC1/Theme 1: Forming Nation-States/Lt1/2023/ INTERNAL CIRCULATION ONLY Syllabus Overview In this theme, students will study how Southeast Asian countries formed nation-states after World War Two. For most countries, this was an immediate and pressing task following decolonisation. The process of forming nation-states was characterised by different groups competing to shape political developments, including political parties, the military and traditional institutions. These groups came to political dominance at different points, which was reflected in the formation of different forms of government underpinned by different political ideologies. Efforts to form states were closely associated with the task of building nations to unite the different ethnic groups that lived within the territorial boundaries of the state – a legacy of colonial rule. National unity was an important objective for Southeast Asian governments to create social cohesion and a common identity for all who lived within the state. The experiences and outcomes of governments’ efforts in forming nation-states were shaped by interactions between local factors, and by international developments, in particular the Cold War. Syllabus Content Establishing Political Structures and Legitimacy • Democratic and authoritarian features of different forms of government established over time • Factors for the establishment of different forms of government: decolonisation experience, role of local political elites and masses, Cold War developments • Consolidation of power - Role of government leaders - Sources of power and legitimacy: constitutional processes and elections, the military, traditional institutions (religion and monarchy), government performance - Political challenges and popular opposition - Cold War developments Learning Outcomes (from the Examination Syllabus) Students are to • evaluate the factors that shaped the establishment of different forms of government across Southeast Asia over time; • evaluate the outcomes of Southeast Asian governments in consolidating power in different contexts and over time.

Paper 2: Developments in Southeast Asia (Independe