Revised Cambridge 2019 GP P2 Answer Scheme

For internal circulation only Revised Cambridge 2019 Paper 2 Suggested Answer Scheme From passage 1 1. By including the information in brackets in lines 4-5, what is the author implying about Aristotle’s views regarding animals in lines 2-4? [1] From the passage Suggested answer Mk Aristotle, for instance, thought that because animals lacked emotions, reasons and souls, they were clearly inferior to humans and so could be guiltlessly exploited ( significantly, he also thought men innately superior to women, and some humans fit only to be slaves). The author is implying that Aristotle’s views were deeply flawed / highly erroneous by making comparisons to his incorrect/ridiculous views on women and human rights. Note: Context should still be provided as the instruction was to include the information in brackets. 1 2. In lines 10-15, how does the author support her claim that vain rulers used animals to ‘bolster their prestige and show their dominance’? [2] From the passage Pt Suggested answer Mk The author supports her claim by Egyptian pharaohs, European Kings and Eastern potentates all amassed collections of beasts - usually the most charismatic, aggressive or exotic ones (lines 10-11) … as a means for these vain rulers to bolster their prestige and show their dominance not only over their own subjects but also over non-human creatures. (lines 11-13) A1 [Action] bringing up / including the example of rulers accumulating a large number of animals , especially unfamiliar and hostile ones A1+A 2 = 1m A2 [Reason/intention] in order to increase their prominence / reputation in their society and to project their influence/control over people and animals. The worst expression of this was probably when Roman emperors demanded the capture of thousands of animals (line 14) to provide gruesome spectacles in their arenas. (lines 14-15) B1 [Action] In more extreme cases, some rulers insisted on the imprisonment / abduction of countless animals B1+B 2 = 1m B2 [Reason/intention] for the purpose of macabre / gory entertainment.

For internal circulation only 3. According to the author, in which three ways is the effectiveness of the process whereby ‘zoos are accredited and subject to rigorous inspection’ undermined in lines 21-24? Use your own words as far as possible. [3] From the passage Pt Suggested answer Mk The effectiveness was undermined Forcibly removed from their fellows, destroying their social groupings … (line 21) A in the way the acquisition of animals entailed the fracturing of animal communities Any 3 for 3m …animals are uprooted from their chosen habitats (lines 21-22) B by the manner in which a nimals were unwillingly removed from their natural dwellings …subject to arduous transportation . (line 23) C given that t he animals had to endure an extremely stressful journey …confined in unwanted and unnatural proximity to man. (lines 23-24) D as they were kept against their will / normal instincts in an environment that was too close to human beings. 4. From lines 31-33, explain three ways in which the author uses language to criticise the zoos’ use of animals for ‘the amusement of our species’. Use your own words as far as possible. [3] From the passage Pt Suggested answer Mk Zoos incarcerate animals for the amusement of our species. (line 31) A The author relied on the use of emotive vocabulary like ‘incarcerate’ OR use of an image of imprisonment to express how animals, like prisoners, are unnaturally confined / confined against their will. 1 Their animals are exhibits, expected to perform... (line 32) …a stage of synthetic trees… (line 32) …pre-recorded soundtracks… (line 33) B She also conjured the image of stage performance through the use of words like ‘exhibit’, ‘perform’, ‘stage’, ‘synthetic’ and pre-recorded soundtracks’ to highlight how unnatural and man- made zoos have become for the purpose of entertainment. 1 in the fake authenticity of their enclosures, a stage of synthetic trees and pre-recorded soundtracks. C Lastly, the author used an oxymoron like ‘fake authenticity’ to dramatically highlight how the environment in zoos is essentially a sham / not real in a bid to amuse/engage humans. 1 Accept any reasonable explanation showing criticism (should be negative).

For internal circulation only 5. What does the author mean by calling the reintroduction of endangered species into the wild ‘much- vaunted and self-justificatory’ (lines 38-39)? [2] From the passage/Lift Pt Suggested answer Mk The author means that The reintroduction of endangered species into the wild is a much-vaunted... A the reintroduction of endangered species into the wild is merely an act/course of action taken to widely publicise and trumpet their own actions / allow them to boast to many groups of people. 1 and self-justificatory action zoos take B Doing so is also for them to validate their own existence. 1 Note: For both answers, paraphrases need to reflect a disparaging view and not something neutral or positive – for eg for (a), a weaker response will exclude the idea of ‘trumpeting one’s action which will not capture the negative connotation From passage 2 6. Summarise what the author has to say about how zoos benefit both animals and humans in today’s world. Write your summary in no more than 120 words. NOTE: • BOLD = key word(s)/phrase(s) that ideally should be paraphrased • UNDERLINE = key ideas that need to be captured (but need not be paraphrased) From the passage Pt Suggested paraphrase Their animals are free from the spectre of predation both by other species and by humans, in the form of hunters and poachers. (ll. 1-3) A [SAFE FROM THE THREAT OF PREDATORS] Zoos spare animals from the (ever-present) fear of being killed by their own kind or by humans. [ Note: Across any of the points (A-D), there should be at least one point where a link is made between zoos and said benefits] There is no risk of a sudden dearth of food or water (l. 3) B [SAFE FROM UNEXPECTED SHORTAGE OF SUSTENANCE] There is no danger/peril of unexpected shortage of food and water/sustenance. nor are they vulnerable to the vagaries of climate changes (ll. 3-4) C [NOT EXPOSED TO UNPREDICTABILITY OF CLIMATE CHANGEs] Nor are they susceptible/subjected to unpredictable climate fluctuations/weather patterns Socially, these animals will not experience the ostracism, even infanticide, which can occur in the wild. (ll. 4-6) D [NO SOCIAL ALIENATION] Animals in zoo, unlike in the wild, will not be excluded/rejected/shunned/ from their group.

For internal circulation only Accept answers that convey more direct forms of exclusion: ejected/expelled Housed in ever-improving mini-habitats, they enjoy convincingly naturalistic approximations of their natural environment. (ll. 6-7) NOT: … with the larger mammals long since rehoused in the wider and freer spaces of wildlife parks (ll. 7-8) [This point actually refers to wildlife parks rather than zoos, and thus should not be included at all. It means that critics can no longer criticise zoos for substandard animal enclosures where these larger mammals are concerned, since they are no longer kept in zoos] NOT: animal welfare concerns for some have been clearly addressed. [On its own, this is not a benefit for animals or humans] E [REALISTIC LIVING ENVIRONMENTS] They are kept in regularly updated enclosures/habitats, experiencing realistic simulations of their natural surroundings. Some species now exist only in zoos and some in the wild owe their very survival to captive breeding programmes. (ll. 12-14) OR … in the 1980s there were fewer than two dozen Californian condors left but, thanks to chicks reared in San Diego Zoo, that n