RI Y4 History FE 2019

NAME: CLASS: NO: RAFFLES INSTITUTION 2019 FINAL EXAMINATION Subject Level Date Time HISTORY YEAR 4 17 July 2019 (Wednesday) 0800 - 0945 (1 h 45 min) INSTRUCTIONS 1. This paper carries a total of 40 marks. 2. lIt consists of TWO sections: SectionA (Source-based Question) Section B (Essay Question) 25 marks 15 marks 3. Pupils are to answer ALL the questions in Sections A and B. 4. Begin each new section on a fresh sheet of writing paper. 5. Write in dark blue or black ink on both sides of the paper. 6. Indicate the sections and label the questions correctly. 7. Hand in the answers to Sections A and B SEPARATELY . THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF 5 PRINTED PAGES EXCLUDING THE COVER PAGE. 247

Section A: Source-based Question [25 marks] Study the sources carefully, and answer all the questions. In addition to the sOurces which you are instructed to use, you may use any of the other sources to help you answer the questions if necessary. In answering the questions, you should ISe your knowledge of the topic to help you interpret and evaluate the sources. 1 (a) Study Source A. Whose perspective do you think this cartoon re fl ects? Explain your answer. [5] (b) Study Sources B and C. To what extent are the twO sources different? Explain your answer. [6] (c) Study Source D. How surprised are you by Sir John Simon's comments? Explain your answer. [7] (d) Study Sources E and F. How useful is Source E as evidence in helping you understand Japanese expansionism in the early 1930s? Explain your answer. 1 249

Was Japan justi fi ed in occupying Manchuria in 1931? BACKGROUND INFORMATION Read this carefully. It may help you answer some of the questions. Following the Meiji Restoration, Japan began pursuing an increasingly aggressive foreign policy. As early as 1894-95, the Japanese asserted their interests in China through amed con fl ict, and continued to impose demands on China even in the midst of the First World War. In September 1931, armed clashes between the Kwantung Army (Imperial Japanese Army) and Chinese forces along a section of the South Manchurian Railway Line led to the Japanese occupation of Manchuria. China appealed to the League of Nations, which responded by sending the Lytton Commission to assess the situation in Manchuria. The report from the Lytton Commission was released in October 1932, and Japan protested vehemently at its fi ndings. Source A: A cartoon created in 1931 in response to the Manchurian Crisis. JAPAMESE GOVT . PROMISES WORLD COUAT L. OF N, COVENANT SHAo PORT TREAT KELLQGE DACT NINE POWER TREATY ARAN 2

Source B: An extract from the report of the Lytton Commission, October 1932. The Japanese... had a carefully prepared plan to meet the case of possible hostilities between themselves and the Chinese. On the night of September 18h-19th [1931] this plan was put into operation with swiftness and precision. The Chinese... had no plan of attacking the Japanese troops, or of endangering the lives or property of Japanese nationals at this particular time or place.. An explosion undoubtedly occurred on or near the railroad between 10p.m. and 10.30 p.m. on September 18, but the damage, if any, to the railroad... was not in itself suf fi cient to justify military action. The military operations of the Japanese troops during this night... cannot be regarded as measures of legitimate self-defence. In saying this, the Commission does not exciude the hypothesis that the of fi cers on the spot may have thought they were acting in self-defence. A report produced by the Japanese Foreign Ministry and circulated to alI its diplomats, 1932. Source C: A few minutes past 10 o'clock on the evening of September 18th, a lieutenant and six privates |of the railway guards... suddenly heard the sound of an explosion in the rear [and] found a number of Chinese soldiers running... after destroying a section of the track. [The Japanese soldiers] were suddenly fi red upon by Chinese troops, four or fi ve hundred strong.. Now that regular troops of Japan and China had thus come to an armed collision, it was at once realised that the situation was extremely critical, and that... the Chinese troops would commence active hostilities.... It was the only course left open to our army, in confronting the numerically far superior hostile forces, to attack them fi rst and eliminate the troops immediately opposed to it as quickly as possible. Source D: From a memorandum by British Foreign Secretary, Sir John Simon, to the British Cabinet, November 1931. This is not a case in which the armed forces of one country have crossed the frontiers of another in circumstances in which they had no previous right to be on the other's soil. Japan owns the South Manchurian Railway and has been entitled to have a body of Japanese guards upon the strip of land through which the railway runs. Japan's case is that she was compelled by the failure of China to provide reasonable protection for Japanese lives and property in Manchuria in the face of attacks of Chinese bandits, and of an attack upon the line itself, to move Japanese troops forward and to occupy points in Manchuria which are beyond the line of the railway. 3 251

A pamphlet produced by the Japanese Chamber of Commerce in New York, April 1933. Source E: The independent state of Manchukuo came into existence as a result of the spontaneous opposition of the people to the outrageous misgovernment by the Chinese of fi cials. Is this the fi rst time that a people who sought liberty found aid outside their country? Did not the thirteen English colonies in North America fi nd assistance in France in their effort to establish the United States of America? Was not the freedom of Cuba from Spain won by the United States?... We are told it was an act of humanity to help Cuba win her freedom. Why is it not an act of humanity to help the Chinese in Manchuria to win their freedom? Source F: A Chinese cartoon drawn shortly after fi ghting began in Manchuria and published in Shanghai in 1931. "JAPAN's IMPERIALIST SURGERY" China "The Japanese doctors 'help' China by cutting her up." 4

Section B: Structured-Essay Question [15 marks] This question is on the Rule of Dictators. 2 Here are three negative impacts of T otalitarian Rule: 1) Climate of fear 2) Humanitarian crisis 3) Con fl ict with other countries Which impact do you think is the most disastrous? Explain your answer wth reference to at least two case studies in your course of study. . End of Paper . Copyright- Acknowledgements: Source A: Source B: Source C: Source D: Source E.: Source F: https:/www.alamy.com © https:Iwww.wdl.org/en/item/11601/ © Janet Chen et al, The Search for Modern China: A Documentary Collection © Allan To d d , The Move to Global War © Ryan Mitchell, "Manchukuo's Contested Sovereignty" O Roy Douglas, Between the Wars, 1919-1939 5 253