Y3 French Vietnam Notes

Colonialism: Case Study of French Vietnam (Indochina) Vietnam before the 19th Century ➔ 2 Vietnamese Kingdoms (North and South), both open to foreign traders ◆ European Catholic Missionaries were less welcomed ➔ Local rebellions ◆ Tay Son Rebellion (1771) Vietnam in the 19th Century ➔ The relationship between the Vietnamese and French deteriorated so rapidly in the early 19th century because of the irreconcilability between the Vietnamese emperors´s attitude and actions taken towards Catholicism and French missionaries on the one hand, as well as French interests on the other Extension of French Control beyond Cochin China ➔ French Presence in the region grew into political and military control over Southern Vietnam ➔ Ambition interrupted by the Franco-Prussian War ◆ French defeat ◆ Establishment of new government ➔ Pursued colonialism in Africa and South East Asia aggressively Is the extension of French control beyond Cochin China justified? French Interests/International Circumstances Social Reasons (God) ➔ Desire to spread the Catholic Faith and Civilise Vietnam

◆ Higher Races (French) had a right over the lower races (Vietnamese) because they had a duty to civilise them ◆ Believed that European Nations should do this with generosity, grandeur and sincerity ➔ Missionary Impulse ➔ Saw colonialism as vital because it provided a response to the grave difficulties that accompanied its work in the societies of a newly industrialized Europe Gold ➔ Address Demand for Trading Bases, Raw Materials, New Markets ◆ Demand for raw materials and cash crops ● Result of the Industrial Revolution intensifying in the late 19th Century ● Turned to Vietnam as it possessed valuable mineral resources ○ Tin ◆ Manufacture French Goods ○ Zinc ◆ Manufacture French Goods ○ Coal ◆ Needed for the expanding French Navy to fuel their Steamships ○ Phosphate ● Vietnam’s availability of raw materials provided good economic incentive and encouraged the French to expand their control beyond Cochin China ◆ Possibility of Commercial trading opportunities and new trading bases ● French hoped Vietnam could be used as an inroad to China ● Initial interest in diverting all trade with China towards Saigon ○ Believed that Southern Vietnam via the Mekong River provides a convenient inroad ○ However, it was unsuitable and unsafe ○ Later turned their attention towards another access route via the Red River ◆ Enticed the French and motivated them to extend control beyond Cochin China Glory ➔ Competition amongst European Powers ◆ By 1815, much of France’s colonial empire had been lost

● Motivated the French to rebuild their empire and rival Britain’s Imperialist expansion ◆ Britain - France’s main competitor in South East Asia ● Burma increasingly came under control of the British ○ Made the French worried about British trying to gain access to China through Burma/expand eastward into Siam Individuals and Circumstances Individuals Individuals Role in contributing to extension of French Control beyond Cochin China Adm. Jules Dupre Played a key role in promoting French expansion into northern Vietnam. He supported Francis Garnier’s expedition to Tonkin, which aimed to establish a greater French presence but led to conflict with local forces, including the Black Flag Army. Francis Garnier Aggressively pursued French expansion in Tonkin (northern Vietnam). In 1873, he launched an unauthorized military campaign to take Hanoi but was killed by the Black Flag Army, which was allied with the Vietnamese. Nguyen Tri Phuong Led the defense against French forces in both the Cochinchina campaign (1858–1862) and later in Hanoi in 1873, where he was captured and ultimately refused medical treatment, dying as a symbol of Vietnamese resistance. Tu Duc Tried to resist French expansion but was weakened by internal rebellion and external threats. He ultimately signed treaties (such as the Treaty of Saigon in 1862) that ceded control of Cochinchina to France and later lost control over Tonkin and Annam. Jules Ferry As Prime Minister in the 1880s, he pushed for French conquest in Indochina, leading to the Tonkin Campaign (1883–1886), which solidified French control over northern Vietnam. Black Flag A Mercenary Army that played a key role in defeating Francis Garnier in 1873 and later in the resistance against Henri Rivière’s forces in 1883. Henri Riviere A French naval officer who led another attempt to take control of Hanoi in 1882. He was killed in 1883 during a battle against the Black Flag Army, which increased French military intervention in Vietnam and ultimately led to the establishment of a French protectorate over Tonkin. ➔ Specific individuals and men on the spot accelerated and ultimately helped to formalise France’s control over Vietnam and its neighbouring regions

Circumstances (Thank you Xavier) ➔ 1871 ◆ Jules Dupre used warships to extend French rule in Vietnam ➔ 1873 ◆ French merchant arrested for illegal trading. ● Dupre sent Francis Garnier to settle the issue. ◆ However, negotiations failed and Garnier attacked Hanoi. ● He was killed by the Black Flags soon after. ◆ Withdrawal of forces from Hanoi (Tonkin) to avoid further conflict due to resistance from the Vietnamese, and since Dupre was not given permission for the military expedition. ➔ 1874 ◆ Emperor Tu Duc signed the Second Treaty of Saigon to retain his power ◆ The terms of the treaty were (15 March 1874): ● Cochin-China ceded to France, and a French Resident in Hue ● Ports in Annam opened to French trade, and Red River was opened to shipping ● Rights of Vietnamese Catholics strengthened ➔ 1882 ◆ Henri Riviere leads another military expedition to Hanoi, and captures Saigon despite Vietnamese resistance ➔ 1883 ◆ Riviere was killed by the Black Flag ◆ Emperor Tu Duc dies ◆ The French sends an ultimatum to the court: Accept colonisation or face total destruction. 🥶 ◆ The Treaty of Hue is signed ◆ The terms of the treaty were (25 August 1883): ● Tonkin and Annam are French protectorates, which means Vietnam is effectively a French colony ● Foreign relations controlled by France, and French Residents to be appointed in all provinces ● Red River opened to trade, and money is to be paid to France ➔ 1884 ◆ Treaty of Protectorate is signed, giving France greater control over Tonkin, effectively colonising the whole of Vietnam

Did French Rule do more harm than good to the People of Vietnam? Policies Implemented Political Reforms ➔ Centralised Administrative System (Good) ◆ Direct rule in Cochin-China and indirect rule in Annam and Tonkin ◆ Unified the three states into one administrative unit and centralised everything ➔ Replacement of Traditional Hierarchy (Bad) ◆ Loss of power and prestige ◆ Althou