SimplyTuition_OL Combined Physics_Volume I. Definitions & Formulas

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© 2025 Simply Tuition. All Rights Reserved. 2 Physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured. It consists of a magnitude and a unit. Base quantity is a physical quantity that is defined and measured independently of other quantities. Derived quantity is a physical quantity that is defined in terms of the base quantities. Parallax error is the error that occurs due to incorrect positioning of the eyes while taking a reading on the measuring scale. Zero error is a type of systematic error that occurs in measuring instruments when they do not start from exactly zero. Random error refers to unpredictable variations in measurements caused by uncontrollable factors, leading to scattered data around the true value. Scalar quantities are physical quantities that have only magnitude. Vector quantities are physical quantities that have both magnitude and direction. Distance, 𝒅 is the total length covered by a moving object regardless of its direction of motion. Displacement, 𝒔 is the distance measured in a straight line from a fixed reference point. 𝑠 = 𝑢𝑡 + 1 2 𝑎𝑡2 Speed, |𝒗| is the distance moved per unit time. (𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑) |v| = |𝑢| + 𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 Velocity, 𝒗 is the rate of change of displacement. (𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦) 𝑣 = 𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 Acceleration, 𝒂 is the rate of change of velocity. 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ∆𝑣 ∆𝑡 = 𝑣 − 𝑢 𝑡 Uniform acceleration is a constant rate of change of velocity. Force is a push or pull. Gravitational force, 𝑭𝑮 is the pull exerted by Earth’s gravity on any object. Electrostatic force, 𝑭𝑬 is the attractive or repulsive forces between electric charges. Magnetic force, 𝑭𝑴 is the attractive or repulsive forces between magnets. Friction, 𝒇 is the force that opposes or tends to oppose motion between surfaces in contact. Air resistance is the frictional force exerted by air that opposes the motion of moving objects. Normal force, 𝑵 is the push exerted by a surface on an object pressing on it. This push is always perpendicular to the surface. Tension, 𝑻 is the pull exerted by a stretched spring, string, or rope on an object attached to it.

© 2025 Simply Tuition. All Rights Reserved. 3 Mass, 𝒎 is a measure of the amount of matter in a body. Weight, 𝑾 is the gravitational force acting on an object that has mass. 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 Gravitational field is a region in which a mass experiences a force due to gravitational attraction. Gravitational field strength, 𝒈 is defined as the gravitational force per unit mass placed at that point. 𝑔 = 𝑊 𝑚 Newton’s first law of motion states that every object will continue in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless a resultant force acts on it. Newton’s second law of motion states that when a resultant force, ∑ 𝐹 acts on an object of a constant mass, the object will accelerate in the direction of the resultant force. ∑ 𝐹