Sec 1 Zistory Guidebook (NEW SYLLABUS)

zistory! Secondary1 HistoryGuidebook 1Telegram: https://t.me/zivstoryNot for further saleandcirculation.

zistory! Chapter 0: IntroductiontoHistory KnowledgeOrganiser 2Telegram: https://t.me/zivstoryNot for further saleandcirculation.

zistory! Skill Build-up1: Howdoweselect eventstoincludeinour narrativeof thepast? 3Telegram: https://t.me/zivstoryNot for further saleandcirculation.

zistory! Chapter 1: HowconnectedwasearlySingaporetotheregionandtheworld? KeyKnowledge ● OverviewofkeytradingnetworksinSoutheastAsiaandtheregion● ReasonsfortheriseofearlySingapore(Temasek)asaport-of-callin1300s○ Geographicaladvantages○ Externalcircumstances:FallofthekingdomofSrivijaya● DeclineofearlySingaporesince1400s○ FoundingandriseofMelaka○ ContinuedimportanceofMelakaunderthePortugueseandDutchandestablishmentoftheJohorSultanate Bytheendofthischapter, I can… ● ExplainSingapore’sconnectionstothekeytradingnetworksbefore1819.● ExplainthereasonsfortheriseanddeclineofearlySingapore(Temasek)asaport-of-callacrosstime. TimelineofTemasek(Singapura) 4Telegram: https://t.me/zivstoryNot for further saleandcirculation.

zistory! Howdidcountriesbuildormaintaintheirconnectionsinancienttimes?1.PoliticalconnectionsCountriesandkingdomsformedpoliticalconnectionsbyformingalliances.Politicalconnectionswereestablishedwhenacountryconqueredanotherorbecametheprotectorofaweakercountry. Forexample,China,duringtheMingDynasty, hadpoliticalconnectionswiththeMelakaSultanateduringthe14 th century.ZhengHe 郑和 , aChineseofficial,visitedMelakaandwaswarmlyreceivedbytheSultan;inreturn,theSultanofMelakawenttoChinaandpaidtributes(i.e.gifts)totheMingEmperor. TheSultanalsosoughtprotectionandrecognitionfromtheEmperor. 2.EconomicconnectionsTradersofdifferentcountriestradeditemsthattheycouldsellforaprofitintheircountries.Oneformoftradeisoverlandtrade, wheretradeisbeingcarriedoutthroughlandroutes.OneexampleistheSilkRoadthatwasestablishedinthe2 nd centuryBCEduringtheHanDynasty, linkingChang’aninChinatoEurope.Anotherformoftradeismaritimetrade, wheretradeisbeingcarriedoutthroughsearoutes.OneexamplewouldbetheSpiceRoutes.SoutheastAsiawasimportantinthistradenetworkbecausetheregionwasthemajorproducerofspices,attractingforeigntradersfromIndia,China,Persia,andArabia. 3.CulturalconnectionsWecanseeanexchangeofculturesinSoutheastAsiathathasledtolong-lastinginfluencesintheregion.OneexamplewouldbethePeranakancuisine. 5Telegram: https://t.me/zivstoryNot for further saleandcirculation.

zistory! WhowerethetradersinSingapore? MiddleEast China India Southeast Asia Background Trade between theMiddle East andIndia wasestablished inancient times.Between the 7 th and 12 th centuries,more traders fromthe Middle Easttravelled toSoutheast Asia.Most came fromPersia, SaudiArabia, Oman andYemen. During the TangDynasty, tradebetween Chinaand Persia, Indiaand SoutheastAsiaincreased. There was tradebetween India andSoutheast Asia asearly as 200 BCE.During the CholaEmpire, tradersfromIndiacalledatports in other partsof India, theMiddleEast, the MalayArchipelago andChina. Trade took placeamong the peoplein Southeast Asiabefore theChineseand Indiansarrived. Goodstraded Dates, oil, wool,ivoryandcotton. Silk, tea andporcelain. Spices, goldearrings, glassbeads andperfume. Thesewere in exchangefor Chinese silkandporcelain. Cinnamon,cardamom andcloves. WhydidTemasekriseasaportinthe14 th century?1.LocationofTemasek● SoutherntipoftheStraitsofMelaka,alongthetraderoutefromChinatoIndia● Servedasaregionalcollectionanddistributioncentreforgoods● MidpointforthetraderoutefromtheMiddleEast,IndiaandChina→TradersonlyneededtotravelmidwayandtradewitheachotheratTemasek→Tremendouslycuttraveldistanceandtime→Facilitatedattractiveenvironmentfortrade● Richhinterlande.g.Hornbillcasques(asubstituteforivory)carvedintoornamentalobjects,tin(toglazepotteryandceramics)weretraded→Diversegoodsweretraded→Appealingfortraders,hencepromotedeconomicgrowth 6Telegram: https://t.me/zivstoryNot for further saleandcirculation.

zistory! 2.Roleofmonsoons● e.g.Southwestmonsoon(JuntoSep):India→Temasek→China;Northeastmonsoon(OcttoFeb):Temasek→IndiaandChina→Temasek● MerchantscouldtraveldirectlytowheretheywantedtogousingeithertheIndianOceanortheSouthChinaSea→Shortenedthetimeofvoyages● TradersfromIndiaandChinamademoretripstoTemasektotrade→IncreasedtradeactivityinTemasek● Whilewaitingformonsoonwindstochange,thetradersstayedinTemasek→Reliedonthelocalpeoplelivingthere→Economyprospered 3.FalloftheKingdomofSrivijaya● TheSrivijayaKingdomusedtocontroltradeinSumatra,WesternIndonesia.● Thekingdomwasalsoundertheattacksofitsenemy, eventuallybeingsubduedbytheMajapahitKingdom.● Eventually, itcollapsedinthe13 th centuryandlostitspositionasanimportantmaritimekingdom,losingcontrolovertrade.● Hence,tradersshiftedtheiractivitiesfromtheSundaStraitstotheStraitsofMelakabecausethetraderoutetoChinawouldbeshorter, contributingtothegrowthoftradeinTemasek. HowconnectedwasSingaporetotheworldfromthe15thcenturytotheearly19thcentury?1420to1511:ConnectionswithMelaka● AfterpledgingloyaltytotheMingEmperor, MelakabecamethemainportofcallfortheimperialMingnavy.● Parameswara,therulerofMelaka,alsomarriedaMuslimprincessfromSumatraandconvertedtoIslam,helpingtoattractthearrivalofmanyMuslimtraderstoMelaka.● ThismadeMelakabecomeamorepopulartradingplacethanSingaporeintheregionformaritimetraders.● MelakaroseinimportanceandSingaporedeclinedasatradingcentre.● TheSiamesewhowereSingapore’soverlordgaveupSingaporetoMelaka. 16 th centurytoearly19 th century:ConnectionswiththeJohor-RiauSultanate● AfterthePortugueseattackedMelakain1511,therulerofMelakafledtoJohor.● In1528,theJohor-RiauSultanatewasestablishedneartheJohorRiver. AlltheareaspreviouslyundertheMelakaSultanatecameundertheJohor-RiauSultanate,includingSingapore.● SingaporecontinuedtohavetradelinkswithotherareaslikeChinaandotherMalaykingdomsintheMalayArchipelago.● e.g.BlueporcelainshardsfromtheMingandQingDynastiesandMalaygoldcoinswerefoundinSingapore. 7Telegram: https://t.me/zivstoryNot for further saleandcirculation.

zistory! 16 th centurytoearly19 th century:ConnectionswiththePortugueseandtheDutch● TheEuropeansstartedtotraveltoSoutheastAsiainsearchofspices.Theywantedtogainamonopolyoverthespicetradebycontrollingsettlementsandsearoutesalongtherouteofthespicetrade.● ThePortugueseandtheDutchfacedtraderivalryastheyfoughtforcontroloverthespicetrade,especiallyduetotheAgeofDiscoveryduringwhichtheEuropeansdiscoveredtheusesofspices.● BoththePortugueseandtheDutchsoughttobuildafortressinSingaporetoprotecttheirmerchantswhoweretransportinggoodsalongtheStraitsofMelaka.● TheDutchgainedcontrolofMelakaanddrovethePortugueseoutin1641.● TheDutchgrewtocontrolalargepartoftheMalayArchipelagoincludingJavaandMelaka. WhydidearlySingaporefaceagradualdecline?1.RiseofMelaka(15 th century)● AfterpledgingloyaltytotheMingEmperor, MelakabecamethemainportofcallfortheimperialMingnavy.● Parameswara,therulerofMelaka,alsomarriedaMuslimprincessfromSumatraandconvertedtoIslam,helpingtoattractthearrivalofmanyMuslimtraderstoMelaka.● ThismadeMelakabecomeamorepopulartradingplacethanSingaporeintheregionformaritimetraders.● MelakaroseinimportanceandSingaporedeclinedasatradingcentre.● TheSiamesewhowereSingapore’soverlordgaveupSingaporetoMelaka. 2.Externalmilitarythreats(14 th century)● SingaporefacedforeignattacksfromlargerpowersintheregionsuchastheKingdomofMajapahitandtheKingdomofAyutthaya.● TheseattacksweakenedSingaporebytheendofthe14 th century. 3.Climaticchanges(14 th century)● Weatherpatternsexperiencedseverechangesinthe14 th centurythatgaverisetoseriousfamineanddroughtinChina.ThisledtothecollapseoftheChineseeconomy.● TheweakChineseeconomydisruptedthetradebetweenChinaandSoutheastAsia.● SingaporewasmajorlyhitastradingwithChinawasoneofitsmajorsourcesofrevenue.● ThishadcausedSingaporetodeclinebythe15 th century. 8Telegram: https://t.me/zivstoryNot for further saleandcirculation.

zistory! 4.Politicalchangesintheregion(17 th century)● After1610,theDutchdecidedtofocusontheSundaStraitsandJavainsteadoftheStraitsofMelakaande