H2 9174 History paper 2 ASEAN Essay Question notes

Essayquestions EQ1: TITLE.**EstablishingPoliticalStructuresandLegitimacy** 32.**DemocraticandAuthoritarianFeaturesofDifferentFormsofGovernmentEstablishedOverTime** 33.**FactorsfortheEstablishmentofDifferentFormsofGovernment** NOTJUSTDEMOCRATICAUTHORITARIAN1. Communal politics2. Unitaryvsfederal state3. Communist vsanti-communist vsnon-aligned4. Socialist vsmixedeconomy 33.1. Decolonizationexperience Country

Burma Sangharaja(BuddhistMonkCouncil)wasactivelyrepressedunderBritishruleforfearofgalvanizingnationalistsentiment→PongyiswantedlargerroleofreligioninthenewBurma Britishpracticedapolicyof‘Divideandrule’→PlacedethnicBamars(residedinlowlands)undertheirdirectrulebutgaveethnicminorities,whotypicallyresidedinthemountainshighdegreeofautonomyintheirownaffairs→ProvidedtheypaytaxesandrecognisedBritishauthority →Thislegacymadetheethnicminoritiespreferafederalsystemofgovernanceanddemocracy→Providethemwithautonomy+politicalrepresentation Someothersbecamemoreextreme,secessionistmovements→Greatthreattoterritorialintegrity Britishalsonurturedpoliticalelite,whowereexposedtowesternidealsofdemocracyetcUNuandAungSanwentontoplayessentialrolesinBurma’shistoryanddevelopment AungSan’sunderstandingofdemocracyandthefederalistsystemandastutenessinrejectingtheresurrectionofBamarmonarchy→PanglongAgreement‘47→PROBLEMwith‘47constitutionthoughwasthatShanandKayahstatesweregiventheoptiontosecedewithin10yearstoappeasetheradicals→Threattoterritorialintegrityinthefuture

Indonesia - LikeBurma,geographyplayedamajorroleinethnicdifferences- Javanesearelargestethnicgroup,outerislandsarelesintegrated →OuterislandminoritiessuspiciousofJavaneseduetohistoricalcontext:JavaneseelitesactivelysupportedandaidedtheDutchintheirmilitaryexpeditionsintheouterislands,makingthemcomplicit- OuterislandswerealsoonlynominallycontrolledbytheDutch.Javawasdirectlyruledhowever - PartofthebasisfortheIndonesianstatewastheMajapahitempire,whosecapitalwasalsobasedinJava→MuchdiscontentamongstAcehneseastheyhadtheirownsultanateandwereneverpartofMajapahitempire- WestIrianaswell Indonesiannationalismintheearlyyears(priortoPNIandSukarno)rarelymanifesteditselfinenvisioningalargerIndonesianstate- PrimarilyreactionaryagainstDutchpoliciesthatunderminedtheirinterests- Soughttopurifyreligion,cultureorprotecteconomicinterests - PNIadvocatedforaunitarysysteminIndonesia→ThiswasdoneinretaliationtotheDutchwhoturnedtheminorityregionsinouterislandsagainstSukarnotoholdontopower→butthiswasstilldeemedinadequatebyminoritieswhodesiredmorecontrolovertheirlandandresources ThiswasespeciallythecasebecauseamidsttheDutchpoliceactions,minorityleaderscollaboratedwiththeDutchasevincedintheMalinoConferencein1946.

Singapore - PAPconsistedofwestern-educatedelitesandtheirlivedexperiencesinBritaininfluencedtheirpoliticalleanings- HockLeebusriots→Anti-communistsentimentamongstlocalelites In1959,Singaporeattainedtherighttointernalself-government.PAPcaptured43outof51seatsinlocalelections

Malaysia - BritishbeganaffirmativeactionforMalaysinFederatedMalayStates(FMS)→providedthemwithWesterneducationandpoliticalmodels - Chineseontheotherhand,eventhosewhodidhavewesterneducationwerenotgivensuchaccessinthecolonialadministration - Henceforth,BritishrulehelpedsetthestageforMalaydominanceinpost-independencepolitics BritishrulealsobroughtaboutlargenumbersofChineseandIndianimmigrants British‘divideandrule’policy.- BritishgavepreferentialtreatmenttoMalaysforpoliticalendeavors- ButeconomicdominanceliedinthehandsofChineseandIndians,whofearedmarginalizationwhilsttheMalaysfearedlosingtheirpoliticalpowerduetotheirhigheconomicpower Nonetheless,Malaysiadidnotgainindependencethroughwaretc- Gainedindependencethroughnegotiationon31August1957aspertheAllianceFormula- Federalsystemalsoestablished,whereeachstatehadameasureofautonomyandtheSultansoperatedonasystemofrotatingrule(every5years,Yang-diPertuanAgongwillchange) SimilartoBurmaandIndo:MasspoliticalparticipationduringWW2- Japansoughttotakeadvantageofrisinganti-chinesesentimentamongstMalays→MalayNationalismbecametaintedwithanti-Chinesesentiment- SookChingMassacreandperceivedMalaycomplicitysowedseedsofdiscordbetweenMalayandChinese

ALSO.MalayperceptionsofChineseworsenedwiththeMalayanCommunistParty(MCP)ledbyChinPeng→wholaunchedaninsurgencyinJune1948againstBritishruleandlasteduntilJuly1960. Race-basedpartiestookformasseeninUMNOandMCA→AllianceformulaworkedasChineseandIndianeconomicdominancewasexchangedforMalaypoliticaldominance Broadlyacceptabletoall→EntrenchedpositionofSultan+AffirmativeactionforMalays→Non-Malaysgrantedeconomicconcessions

Phillipines PhilippinesembracedliberaldemocracyandhadagovernmentstructuresimilartothatoftheUSA Fromindependence,challengesfacingPhilippineswasthe 1) EthnicandreligiousunrestinMindanaoastheMoroMuslimsdidnottrustthePhilippinegovernmenttosecuretheirinterests+discontentoverCatholicruleinaMuslimmajorityarea2) Huks’communistrebellion→Stokedfearsofcommunisttakeoveramidstcoldwar

Thailand Thailandwasnevercolonized.Yetnoetheless,westerninfluencewasstrongandinthe1800stheThaiKingsembarkedonmodernisationandwesternization→Ledtoaclassofwesterneducatedpoliticalelites TheseeliteslatercurbedandlimitedthepowersoftheThaiking→Thailandbecameaconstitutionalmonarchyin1932ratherthananabsolutemonarchy

33.2. Roleof local political elitesandmasses Country Burma - WW2ledtoriseinnationalistsentimentfollowingJapaneseoppression→Wantedsovereigntyandtobefreefromforeigninvaders - AungSanandUNUwerewestern-educated→WentontoplaymajorrolesinsecuringBurmeseindependenceanditsgovernancelateronrespectively Indonesia PNI- Western-educatedleaderswhowereexposedtodemocracyandadvocatedforanindependentIndonesiaasasinglepolity SukarnoandPNIwereutilizedbytheJapanesetogalvanizesupportforthemagainstthewesternimperialists→FollowingJapanesesurrendertheyunilaterallydeclaredindependence→FoughtagainstDutchpoliceactionsandattemptstoretakecontroloverIndonesia PKI→PKIwasanimportantforceandwasuseinSukarno’spowertripod- PKI’scommunistideologyhadthepotentialtogalvanizetheagrariancommunityeventhoughcommunismisatoddswithislam- PKIalsosharedSukarno’santiwestsentiments,whichweremadeespeciallyworseaftertraumatizingDutchpoliceactions Vietnam VietMinhemergedfromWW2astheonly

crediblepoliticalforceinVietnam.Enlargeditsbaseofsupport,recruitedVietsandworkedwithAmericanstoresistJapanese VietMinhalsomovedfastbetweenJapanesedepartureandFrenchreturn→Landdistributionprogramswereimmenselypopular. CommunistguerillatacticsledtohumiliatingFrenchdefeatin1954→andHoChiMinhwasseenasaneffective,nationalistleaderwhosoughtVietnameseindependence 33.3. ColdWar developments Country Burma InMarch1948,followingordersofarrest→communistslaunchedacivilwar- Communistswerejoinedbyhalfofthetroopsinthegovernment(UNudidnotcommandtherespectofthemilitarythesamewayAungSandid.Didnothavemilitarybackground)- EthnicminoritiesjoinedlikeKarenNationalUnion Indonesia UnderSukarno,Indonesiatookananti-weststanceandnationalizedDutchandotherWesternbusinesses,isolatingIndonesiafromthewesterncapitalistcountries →GrewdependenceonandaffinityforChinaandUSSR- CCPwaslargestfunderofPKIasChinasoughttosecureacommunistfootholdinmaritimeSEA UnderSuharto,- Indonesiawaspro-westandreceiveimmensewesterninvestmentandtechnology→Enablingittogrow