H2 9174 History paper 2 ASEAN Essay Question notes

Essayquestions EQ1: TITLE.**EstablishingPoliticalStructuresandLegitimacy** 32.**DemocraticandAuthoritarianFeaturesofDifferentFormsofGovernmentEstablishedOverTime** 33.**FactorsfortheEstablishmentofDifferentFormsofGovernment** NOTJUSTDEMOCRATICAUTHORITARIAN1. Communal politics2. Unitaryvsfederal state3. Communist vsanti-communist vsnon-aligned4. Socialist vsmixedeconomy 33.1. Decolonizationexperience Country

Burma Sangharaja(BuddhistMonkCouncil)wasactivelyrepressedunderBritishruleforfearofgalvanizingnationalistsentiment→PongyiswantedlargerroleofreligioninthenewBurma Britishpracticedapolicyof‘Divideandrule’→PlacedethnicBamars(residedinlowlands)undertheirdirectrulebutgaveethnicminorities,whotypicallyresidedinthemountainshighdegreeofautonomyintheirownaffairs→ProvidedtheypaytaxesandrecognisedBritishauthority →Thislegacymadetheethnicminoritiespreferafederalsystemofgovernanceanddemocracy→Providethemwithautonomy+politicalrepresentation Someothersbecamemoreextreme,secessionistmovements→Greatthreattoterritorialintegrity Britishalsonurturedpoliticalelite,whowereexposedtowesternidealsofdemocracyetcUNuandAungSanwentontoplayessentialrolesinBurma’shistoryanddevelopment AungSan’sunderstandingofdemocracyandthefederalistsystemandastutenessinrejectingtheresurrectionofBamarmonarchy→PanglongAgreement‘47→PROBLEMwith‘47constitutionthoughwasthatShanandKayahstatesweregiventheoptiontosecedewithin10yearstoappeasetheradicals→Threattoterritorialintegrityinthefuture

Indonesia - LikeBurma,geographyplayedamajorroleinethnicdifferences- Javanesearelargestethnicgroup,outerislandsarelesintegrated →OuterislandminoritiessuspiciousofJavaneseduetohistoricalcontext:JavaneseelitesactivelysupportedandaidedtheDutchintheirmilitaryexpeditionsintheouterislands,makingthemcomplicit- OuterislandswerealsoonlynominallycontrolledbytheDutch.Javawasdirectlyruledhowever - PartofthebasisfortheIndonesianstatewastheMajapahitempire,whosecapitalwasalsobasedinJava→MuchdiscontentamongstAcehneseastheyhadtheirownsultanateandwereneverpartofMajapahitempire- WestIrianaswell Indonesiannationalismintheearlyyears(priortoPNIandSukarno)rarelymanifesteditselfinenvisioningalargerIndonesianstate- PrimarilyreactionaryagainstDutchpoliciesthatunderminedtheirinterests- Soughttopurifyreligion,cultureorprotecteconomicinterests - PNIadvocatedforaunitarysysteminIndonesia→ThiswasdoneinretaliationtotheDutchwhoturnedtheminorityregionsinouterislandsagainstSukarnotoholdontopower→butthiswasstilldeemedinadequatebyminoritieswhodesiredmorecontrolovertheirlandandresources ThiswasespeciallythecasebecauseamidsttheDutchpoliceactions,minorityleaderscollaboratedwiththeDutchasevincedintheMalinoConferencein1946.

Singapore - PAPconsistedofwestern-educatedelitesandtheirlivedexperiencesinBritaininfluencedtheirpoliticalleanings- HockLeebusriots→Anti-communistsentimentamongstlocalelites In1959,Singaporeattainedtherighttointernalself-government.PAPcaptured43outof51seatsinlocalelections

Malaysia - BritishbeganaffirmativeactionforMalaysinFederatedMa