D&T - Design (3EXP EOY 2024)

D&T – Design Learning Objectives (from 7059_y25_sy.pdf – D&T Syllabus) The Design Model

D&T – Design Identifying Needs PIES Technique  Physical needs  Intellectual needs  Emotional needs  Social needs Mind mapping  Structure thoughts on paper, showing links between them  Use to analyse theme 5W1H Technique  Who – aƯected?  What – problem?  When – period & duration where problem occurs?  Where – problem found at where?  Why – critical that problem is solved?  How – did problem emerge in the first place / circumstances? Problem Situation  5W1H o Who – target user o What – potential problem o Where – location carried out o Why – reasons that lead to problem o When – time/period when problem occurs.  Read the question, might already be already stated there. Design Brief  To design and make a product, for the user/people at place to solve the problem/function.

D&T – Design Design Specifications  List of attributes of the product  Directly influenced by design considerations  Ensure the design and development of a product meets the needs of the target user  Used as a guide the entire design process by providing clear directions and serves as a reference to the designers.  Used during: o Ideation – help select idea o Development – help make suitable design decisions o Evaluation – check if prototype meets design specifications  Include: o Aesthetics o Comfort o Size o Safety o Functions o Material

D&T – Design Research Primary, Secondary and Sources  Important to make sure that all information is up-to-date and applicable to target user.  Primary data o Data collected by you o Information coming directly from experiments/contributions from other people through discussions and surveys o Sources  Questionnaire / Survey  Interview  Observations  Product analysis  Secondary data o Data collected by someone else o Information extracted from existing publications / databases o Sources  Internet  Articles in magazines / newspapers / journals  Videos / TV programmes  Statistical information from marketing companies Observational Research  Involves the user looking at an event or activity with an intent or purpose with the aim of collecting information about the problem or user.  Process 1. Photo-taking / Sketching / Video-recording / Note-taking etc. 2. Write down observations 3. Elaborate problems through writing and sketching 4. Consequence of user’s habits / actions

D&T – Design Product Analysis  ACCESSFM Aesthetics  Describe how it looks? Does the design appeal to the users? Why? Is it the shape/ colour/ appearance? Size  (L x B x H)mm. Is it too big or small for the user? Is it going to be portable? Cost  Is it expensive/ cheap? Will people buy it due to its cost? Safety  Is it safe to use? Any safety or health concerns when using the products? Customer  Who are the target users? Why? Does it address the users’ needs? Is it comfortable for them to use? How can you tell? Function  What is the purpose of the part? What is it used for? Is it an advantages or disadvantages to have? Environment  Will the design or materials used impact the environment? Material and Manufacture  Plastic, Metal or Wood? Why did the designer use this material for this part of the product? What are the properties of the material?  4-step approach o Identify and Name the parts o Analyse the parts o Sketch to show how the product works and to trigger and develop new ideas/ solutions o Identify the important feature and analysis and sum up what you have learnt at the end of the analysis (Which may be used as part of your design consideration)  Analysing parts Function  What is the purpose of this part? What is it used for? Colour  Are the colours used bright or dull? Are there reasons for it? Safety/ Comfort  Is it comfortable and safe to use? How can you tell? What are the safety features? Texture  How does the surface feel like? Why is that so? Is there a purpose? Shape  Why is it shaped this way? To allow users to hold it easily or store items in it easily? Advantages  What are the positive features of this design and why? Appearance  Does the design appeal to the users? Why? Is it the shape/ colour/ appearance? Disadvantages  What are the negative features of this design and why? Material  Plastic, Metal or Wood? Why did the designer use this material for this part of the product? What are the properties of the material? Users  Who are the target users? Why?

D&T – Design Survey  Tools to gather information about individuals (users) o Information (needs, habits, etc) o Collect opinions, preferences from the individuals (users), etc  Can be created before or after the product is made.  Important to craft out the questions properly so that responses can be used in a useful way.  Types of Questions o Closed questions  Single, factual response. E.g. What colour are your eyes? o Structured Questions  Break long questions into smaller parts. E.g. Do you own a mobile phone? If your answer to the question was ‘yes’ then please answer question 1a – 1d. Otherwise, proceed to Q2. o Open ended questions  Express opinions freely without being restricted to pre-defined responses. E.g. What do you like or dislike about this design? o Rating questions  Indicate an attitude or opinion based on a ranking scale  E.g. How would you rate this product? ___Excellent ___Good ___Average ___Poor  Present data o Pie chart o Bar graph o Summary table o Mind maps

D&T – Design Social & Sustainable Design  Socially responsible design o Attitude that emphasizes needs and experiences of people over concerns of form / aesthetics  may come out of humanist perspectives that emphasizes cultural value and meaning of places  Ensure that designs do not cause harm to environment or negatively impact society o Develop environmentally friendly product o Bring positive benefits to society  Social Design o Put people’s needs at heart of designing process > making a product look aesthetically pleasing  E.g. Inclusive? Adjustable to suit diƯerent body sizes?  Environmental and Sustainable Design o Sustainability  preserve Earth’s natural resources o Finite resources (cannot be replaced)  Plastics  crude oil  Metals  extracted from ores o Non-finite resources  Wood  originates from trees which can be replaced o Renewable resources  replaced at the same rate they are used Methods for sustainability in Design  6Rs Reduce Rethink Reuse Refuse Recycle Repair

D&T – Design Ideation Techniques Brainstorming  Generate a lot of ideas in a short period of time Shape borrowing  Drawing inspiration from surroundings, nature, things encountered  Shape/form can inspire design of totally diƯerent problem / portray emotions  Aesthetics: o Look and feel o Just as important as function SCAMPER Attribute Listing  Generate ideas for a new product based on a set of attributes / features.  Method: o Identify product. o List attributes (e.g. parts, properties, qualities, design elements) of product. o Choose interesting / important attributes. o Think of ways to change each attribute. o Combine new ideas to create new product.

D&T – Design Detailed Development CAD Models  Computer-aided design  3D drawing program used for drawing  Provides realistic view  Can be rendered with diƯerent materials and colours  Can link with a laser-cutting machine  cut out parts / scale model of design Ergonomics  The study of the design of products so that people can interact with them in a comfortable, safe and eƯicient way.  E.g. Anthropometric  Concerned with size and proportions of human body  Includes: o height o weight o hand size o maximum reach o angl