2024 CJC Prelims P1 mark scheme

1 Catholic Junior College JC2 Preliminary Examinations Higher 2 GEOGRAPHY 9173/01 23 August 2024 3 hours READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST If you have been given an Answer Booklet, follow the instructions on the front cover of the Booklet. Write your Centre number, index number and name on the work you hand in. Write in dark blue or black pen on both sides of the paper. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. DO NOT WRITE ON ANY BARCODES. Answer Question 1 in Section A. Answer both questions in Section B. Answer two questions in Section C. At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together. The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each question or part question. This document consists of 4 printed pages.

2 Section A Answer both questions Cluster 1 Development, Economy and Environment 1 Resource 1 is a map of copper reserves worldwide , in millions of metric tonnes , in 2022 and shows the copper exports of Peru and Chile in that same year. Resource 2 is a map of global consumption of copper in 2021. Resource 3 is a graph of the price of copper between 2013 and 2017, showing the impact of a workers’ strike in February 2017 on the price of copper. Resource 4 is a photo of Escondida mine, the world’s largest producer of copper, located in Chile. (a) Cite data from Resource 1 to describe the flow of copper from Chile and Peru. [5] Award 1m for each response. Possible responses - Highest export destination for both Chile and Peru is China (worth a total of $37.7bn) - Japan is the second highest, worth at a total of $5.24bn - US is third highest for both countries, worth a total of $4.64bn - South Korea is fourth highest for both countries, worth a total of $3.91bn - Though closest, Brazil is lowest for both, worth a total of $2.21bn AO2 (b) Describe the consumption of copper shown in Resource 2. [5] Award 1m for each response. Possible responses - Highest consumption in China of 13,778,000 metric tonnes in 2021. - This is about 7.6 times the consumption of the second largest consumer, the US, at 1,808,000 metric tonnes. - Asia appears to be a significant region of consumption, totalling double the amount of the US even without including China at 3,630,000 tonnes. - Aside from Germany, Spain, Belgium and France, the rest of Europe consumes relatively little copper. - Some countries do not consume copper at all, as seen in the majority of Africa and Mongolia. AO2 (c) With reference to Resources 1 and 2, suggest reasons for copper exports from Chile and Peru in 2022. [5]

3 Award 1m for each response. Award 1 additional mark for further development, where appropriate. Possible responses - From Resource 1, Chile has the highest amount of copper reserves (190m metric tonnes) in the world, followed by Australia and Peru. It stands to reason that they are a source of the world’s copper. - Japan, South Korea, and Brazil are not even represented as sources of copper. However, they consume significant amounts of copper, as seen in Resource 2 o Japan consumes 977,000 metric tonnes, the third highest after China and the USA. o South Korea is the fourth highest at 644,000 metric tonnes. o Brazil is world ninth, at 321,000 metric tonnes. - Consumption of copper could be fuelled by demand for low-carbon electricity sources, such as in the production of solar photovoltaic batteries and battery storages. - While China and the US have stores of copper, the total amount is not sustainable given consumption patterns, fuelling demand for traded copper - Trade agreements could exist between Chile, Peru and destinations due to their proximity within the Latin American region AO2 (d) Referring to Resource 3, explain how labour can impact extractive industries. [5] Award 1m for each response. Award 1 additional mark for further development, where appropriate. Possible responses - Availability of labour could decrease the cost of copper due to possibly higher extraction. - Labour strikes can increase the prices of commodities since supply would decrease. o This could have knock-on effects worldwide on economic activity that depends on the supply of the raw material o Data cited - Labour strikes can also result in higher wages, thereby resulting in higher costs which may be passed on to consumers. - Labour can halt economic activity if it organizes, depending on how dependent an industry is on its labour force - Extractive industries continue to be vulnerable to labour in spite of capital intensiveness, because skilled labour is required in the form of site supervision and engineers. AO2 (e) Explain how extractive industries may impact ecosystem services of

4 their immediate environment. [4] Award 1m for each response. Award 1 additional mark for further development, where appropriate. Possible responses - Extractive industries threaten longevity of provisioning services through zero sum extraction of resources - In order to reach ores, clearing of land means reduction of provisioning services from natural flora and fauna and groundcover. - Removal of tree cover reduces the regulating service of trees in the carbon cycle - Removal of tree cover also reduces the supporting service of trees in supporting biodiversity of the region AO1 (f) Explain population-resource relationships according to Malthus and Boserup. . [6] Award 1m for each response. Award 1 additional mark for further development, where appropriate. Award of maximum of 3m if only one theory is explained. Possible responses - Working from his understanding of agriculture, Malthus believed that resources increase at an arithmetic progression, whereas population tended to increase exponentially. - Population could one day outstrip resource development. o When that happened, a series of checks and balances in the form of conflict, disease, or famine, would result in the population adjusting itself below resource base. - Malthus advocated for the population to therefore ‘check’ itself before exceeding the resource base. - Boserup, on the other hand, observed through the Green Revolution that man innovated to circumvent Malthus’s positive checks. - Boserup believed that innovation and technology could expand the resource base once population started approaching it. This results in a stepped curve of resource base expansion. AO1

5 Cluster 2 Tropical Environments 2 Resource 5 is a climograph of a region in North -West Botswana. Resource 6 is a map of Botswana. Resource 7 shows the elevation of the Mekong River delta above sea level. (a) Citing data from Resource 5, describe the characteristics of Botswana’s climate. [4] Award 1m for each response. Award 1 additional mark for further development, where appropriate. Possible responses - Temperature fluctuates throughout the year. o Lowest temperature in July of about 18 degrees Celsius o Highest temperature in October of 28 degrees Celsius - Seasonal precipitation o Highest precipitation in January of about 190mm. o Dry season from April to October, with July and August having no precipitation at all. AO2 (b) Referring to Resources 5 and 6, explain the climate characteristics of Botswana. [6] Award 1m for each response. Award 1 additional mark for further development, where appropriate. Possible responses - Botswana is located between 20 and 25 deg S of the equator, lying in the path of the migrating ITCZ. - Due to tilt of the earth and its orbit around the sun, the Hadley cell migrates south-wards in December. - This brings convergence of surface winds - Convectional rain forms at the c