dojo study club kinematics and reactivity series summary sheet

The Periodic Table Trend across a period Number of protons increases Atomic radius decreases Trend down a group Number of electron shells increases Atomic radius increases Properties of elements in a period Same number of electron shells Gradual change in properties Properties of elements in a group Same number of valence electrons Similar reactivity Alkali Metals Transition Elements Halogens Noble Gases v standard qn 1

Special Groups Group I elements are called alkali metals as they react with water to give alkaline solutions. Displacement Reactions: A more reactive halogen is able to displace a less reactive halogen from an aqueous solution of its ions. The solution will turn reddish brown due to the aqueous bromine produced. Physical Properties Soft and easily cut Low melting and boiling point Low density Good conductors of electricity and heat Shiny and silvery in color Trends Down the Group Melting and boiling points decrease Reactivity of Alkali Metal increase Physical Properties Colored non-metals Exists as diatomic molecules Low melting and boiling points Trends Down the Group Reactivity decreases

Special Groups All noble gases have a fully filled valence shell. Noble gases are unreactive and inert since they have a stable electronic configuration. They exist as mono-atomic particles (single atoms). Physical Properties Do not conduct electricity (lack of charge carriers) Very low melting and boiling points Increasing melting and boiling points going down the group Increasing densities of noble gases going down the group Physical Properties High MP High density Good electrical and thermal conductors Form coloured compounds Key Property: Transition metals can exhibit multiple oxidation states. Hence, they are frequently used as catalysts. For example, Iron is used in the Haber process to produce ammonia.

Reactivity Series Please Stop Calling Me A Cute Zebra, I Like Hot Cute Sexy Girls/Guys Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Carbon Zinc Iron Lead Hydrogen Copper Silver Gold Steam Cold Water Step 1: Draw a line under Calcium Step 2: Draw a line under Lead This shows the metals that can react with Cold Water and Steam.

Reactions A more reactive metal can displace a less reactive metal from its compound. This is because the more reactive metal can lose its electrons more easily to form cations. Metal Displacement CuO + Mg -> MgO + Cu From this, we can deduce that Mg is more handsome than Cu, because it can steal Cuʼs girlfriend and form MgO. Cu + MgO -> no reaction The other way round, since Cu is less handsome than Mg, it canʼt steal his girlfriend and hence there is no reaction. Thermal Decomposition Cu²⁺ + Mg -> Cu + Mg²⁺ Represented in an Ionic Equation, The more reactive the metal, the more thermally stable its Carbonate is.

Extraction Extraction Methods: Potassium Sodium Calcium Magnesium Aluminium Carbon Zinc Iron Lead Hydrogen Copper Silver Gold Heating w/ Carbon Electrolysis All you need to understand is that metals below Carbon can be extracted by metal displacement with Carbon.

Rusting Rusting is a process that occurs when Iron is exposed to BOTH: Water Oxygen Rusting can be prevented using these methods: Barrier Applying a layer of paint or oil, providing a physical barrier that prevent moisture and oxygen from coming into direct contact with iron Alloying Alloying iron with other metals enhances its resistance to rust. Sacrificial Protection When Iron is connected (physically) to a more reactive metal, the more reactive metal corrodes in place of Iron, protecting it from rust. Galvanising Coating with Iron or Steel with a layer of Zinc, which acts as a sacrificial metal, corroding in place of Iron

Distance Length of path taken. Displacement Net change in position of an object. Speed Rate of change of distance with respect to time Velocity Rate of change of displacement with respect to time Acceleration Rate of change of velocity over time Freefall An object is in freefall when the only force acting on it is due to gravity. Uniform Acceleration Constant rate of change of velocity Terminal Velocity A constant speed (with zero acceleration) at when the drag force of an object due to air resistance equals to the weight of the object such that it experiences zero net force. Definitions

Deceleration always refers to acceleration in the direction opposite to the direction of the velocity. Deceleration always reduces speed. Negative acceleration, however, is acceleration in the negative direction. Deceleration VS Negative Acceleration First, think - is the graph increasing or decreasing? (or constant) Second, think - is the gradient increasing or decreasing? (or constant) Lastly, think - what does this mean in the context of the axes? In this case, the object is moving at a ( ) velocity. 1) Graph2) Gradient Graphs