VJC Introduction to Organic Chemistry Lecture Notes

VICTORIA JUNIOR COLLEGE CHEMISTRY DEPARTMENT INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ______________________________________________________________________________ LECTURE OUTLINE 1 What is Organic Chemistry? 2 Formulae of Organic Compounds 3 Common Terminology 4 Hybridisation 5 Shapes of Organic Molecules 6 Types of Organic Reactions 7 Reaction Mechanisms 7.1 Types of Reagents 7.2 Names of Reaction Mechanisms 7.3 Bond Fission (breaking of covalent bonds) 8 Factors Affecting Reactivity of Organic Compounds ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES Candidates should be able to: (a) interpret, and use the nomenclature, general formulae and displayed formulae of the following classes of compound: (i) hydrocarbons (alkanes, alkenes and arenes) (ii) halogen derivatives (halogenoalkanes and halogenoarenes) (iii) hydroxyl compounds (alcohols and phenols) (iv) carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) (v) carboxylic acids and derivatives (acyl chlorides and esters) (vi) nitrogen compounds (amines, amides, amino acids and nitriles) (b) interpret, and use the following terminology associated with organic reactions: (i) functional group (ii) degree of substitution: primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary (iii) homolytic and heterolytic fission (iv) carbocation (v) free radical, initiation, propagation, termination (vi) electrophile (Lewis acid), nucleophile (Lewis base) (vii) addition, substitution, elimination, condensation, hydrolysis (viii) oxidation and reduction [in equations for organic redox reactions, the symbols [O] and [H] are acceptable] (c) interpret, and use the following terminology associated with organic reactivities: (i) delocalisation (ii) electronic effect (electron-donating and electron-withdrawing effect) (iii) steric effect (steric hindrance) (d) describe sp 3 hybridisation, as in ethane molecule, sp 2 hybridisation, as in ethene and benzene molecules, and sp hybridisation, as in ethyne molecule (e) explain the shapes of, and bond angles in, the ethane, ethene, benzene, and ethyne molecules in relation to  and  carbon-carbon bonds (f) predict the shapes of, and bond angles in, molecules analogous to those specified in (e) (g) apply (b) and (c) to the understanding of mechanisms in terms of organic structure and bonding (h) recognise that the mechanisms of polar reactions involve the flow of electrons from electron -rich to electron-poor sites Scan here for to ask question related to the lecture

2 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 1 What is Organic Chemistry?  It is the study of th e chemistry of carbon compounds other than its oxides, metallic carbonates and related compounds.  More than 6 million organic compounds have been identified. This ability of carbon to form so many stable compounds is because (i) strong bonds can be formed between two carbon atoms, e.g. C –C bond is much stronger compared to single bonds formed between atoms of other elements.