ASRJC 2024 H2 Chem Gaseous State Notes

2024 H2 The Gaseous State 2024/Anderson Serangoon JC/Chemistry 1 Anderson Serangoon Junior College H2 Chemistry THE GASEOUS STATE Learning Outcomes Candidates should be able to: (a) state the basic assumptions of the kinetic theory as applied to an ideal gas (b) explain qualitatively in terms of intermolecular forces and molecular size: (i) the conditions necessary for a gas to approach ideal behaviour (ii) the limitations of ideality at very high pressures and very low temperatures (c) state and use the general gas equation pV = nRT in calculations, including the determination of Mr (d) use Dalton’s Law to determine the partial pressures of gases in a mixture Lecture Outline 1. Kinetic Theory of Matter 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Kinetic Theory and their Assumptions as applied to an Ideal Gas 2. Gas Laws: Boyle’s Law, Charles’s Law, Gay-Lussac’s Law and Avogadro’s Law 2.1 Boyle’s Law 2.2 Charles’s Law 2.3 Gay-Lussac’s Law 2.4 Combined Gas Law 2.5 Avogadro’s Law 3. The Ideal Gas Equation 3.1 Calculation of molar gas constant, R 3.2 Other useful forms of Ideal Gas Equation 4. Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures 5. Deviation from Ideal Behaviour - Real Gases 5.1 Conditions for real gas to approach ideal behaviour 5.2 Graphical representations of deviation from ideal behaviour References 1. Chemistry for Advanced Level, Peter Cann & Peter Huges 2. Understanding Advanced Physical Inorganic Chemistry, Jeanne Tan, Kim Seng Chan 3. Chemistry, The Central Science (10th edition), Brown, LeMay & Bursten 4. A–Level Chemistry, E.N. Ramsden 5. Chemistry in Context, Graham Hill & John Holman Additional Readings 1. Real Gases – Deviations from Ideal Behaviour (Adapted from intro.chem.okstate.edu and www.chemguide.co.uk) 2. The Ideal Gas Law at the Center of the Sun, David B. Clark, Pennsylvania College of Technology 3. The Chemistry Behind the Air Bag, Andreas Madlung, Oregon State University

2024 H2 The Gaseous State 2024/Anderson Serangoon JC/Chemistry 2 1. Kinetic Theory of Matter Quick recap from ‘O’ level Chemistry: 1.1 Introduction • The Kinetic Theory of Matter describes the particles in solids, liquids and gases and the movement of these particles. • The bulk characteristics (i.e. physical properties) of matter can be explained by the arrangement and movement of the particles. • Many pure substances can exist in all of the three states of matter, depending on the conditions of the temperature and pressure. Solids Liquids Gases Volume definite (fixed) definite (fixed) take the volume of the container Shape definite (fixed) ta