(Notes) Heavily Compressed Textbook

Notes that Excel A very compressed computing textbook. Content follows the syllabus (7155) document. Made by Elvberth Yobel Rondonuwu Module 1: Computing Fundamentals 1.1 Computer Architecture [ Computer ] - Device that receives and processes data according to a set of instructions and produces the processed data [ Computer architecture ] - Description of how a computer is designed and built to function, including how its various parts are designed, organised and connected [ Data (singular: datum)] - Information used in a computer program 1.1.1 Perform calculations using bits, bytes, kilobytes, kibibytes, megabytes, mebibytes, gigabytes, gibibytes, terabytes, tebibytes, petabytes and pebibytes. [ Bit ] - Binary digit, value of either 0 or 1 [ Byte ] - Binary number made of 8 bits ‘Bi’s - powers of 1024 Normal units - powers of 1000 >> Power of 1 starts from ‘ki’ Bits → Bytes → Kilo → Mega → Giga → Tera → Peta (just rmb your own data storages) Bits → Bytes → Kibi → Mebi → Gibi → Tebi → Pebi 1.1.2 Describe the function of key components of a computer system [ Processor ] - Processes data and follows instructions >> [ Execute ] - To follow or perform an instruction >> [ Software ] - A set of instructions to perform specific tasks on a computer [ Main Memory ] - Stores data and instructions temporarily for immediate use by the processor >> [ Address ] - Number used to locate a byte in memory >> [ Volatile ] - Data is lost when power supply is interrupted [ Secondary Storage ] - Stores large amounts of data that will not be lost when the power supply is interrupted >> [ Hard disk/drive ] - Secondary storage where data is stored on rigid rotating disks coated with magnetic material

1.1.3 Describe the function of data and address buses in reading and writing to memory [ Data Bus ] - Transports data between memory and processor; bi-directional >> [ Bi-directional ] - Able to work in two directions, to and fro [ Address Bus ]- Transports required memory location from processor to memory; uni-directional >> [ Uni-directional ] - Able to work in one direction only > When writing data, data + address bus used to send data and specify location from processor. > When reading data, address bus specifies location from processor, then data sent back through data bus to processor. 1.1.4 Describe different input/output interfaces in terms of typical applications, connectors and speed [ Input ] - Data or instructions that the computer receives for processing [ Output ] - Intermediate or final results produced by the computer; usually in the form or processed data [ Hardware ] - Physical components of computer [ Input device ] - Hardware device that allows user to enter data and instructions into a computer [ Output device ] - Hardware device used to display, project or print processed data from a computer [ Lane, PCI Express ] - Interface for transferring data between a computer and an expansion card [ Motherboard ] - Main circuit board in computer that connects all the components together Input/output devices Typical applications Connectors Maximum speed High-Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) - Delivering audio/video data to compatible devices - HDMI Standard - HDMI Mini - HDMI Micro - HDMI 1.3-1.4b - 10.2 Gbit/s - HDMI 2.0-2.0b - 18 Gbit/s - HDMI 2.1 - 48 Gbit/s Universal Serial Bus (USB) - Powering and/or communicating with external devices - USB Type A - USB Type B - USB Mini - USB Micro - USB Type C - USB 2.0 - 480 Mbit/s - USB 3.2 - 20 Gbit/s - USB 4 - 80 Gbit/s Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI Express) - Communicating with internal expansion cards (e.g. graphics - PCI-e x1 - PCI-e x4 - PCI-e x8 [Increases with number of lanes, i.e. up to 16]

cards) - PCI-e x16 Max speed per lane: - PCI Express 5.0 - 4 GB/s - PCI Express 6.0 - 8 GB/s - PCI Express 7.0 - 16 GB/s 1.1.5 Describe the use of magnetic, optical and solid-state media for secondary storage in terms of durability, portability, typical capabilities, cost and speed Magnetic Optical Solid-State Description - Data stored on magnetic material, read/written by magnetic ‘head’ - Data stored as small pits or indentations, read/written by laser - Data stored in electronic circuits, no moving parts Durability Most vulnerable - Magnetic fields - Heat - Impact - Natural deterioration over time Vulnerable - Scratches - Natural deterioration over time More resistant to - Heat - Impact Most durable - Impact - Temperature changes Portability Heaviest and bulkiest Portable due to small size and lightweight Typical Capacities Up to TBs Up to GBs Up to TBs Cost per GB Lowest Mid Highest Speed Slower than SS Fastest 1.2 Data Representation 1.2.1 Represent positive whole numbers in binary form [ Denary number system (or decimal number system) ] - A number system that is made up of 10 unique digits [ Leading zero ] - The zero digit (0) that is to the left of the first non-zero digit in a number

[ Binary number system ] - A number system that is made up of two unique digits [ Hexadecimal number system ] - A number system that is made up of 16 unique digits 1.2.2 Convert positive whole numbers from one number system to another - binary, denary and hexadecimal; and describe the technique used [ Binary to Denary ] [ Hexadecial to Binary ] [ Binary to Hexadecimal ] 1. Split binary number into sets of four digits, starting from the right 2. If final set of remaining digits (on the very left) does not have four digits, add leading zeros such that it has exactly four binary digits

3. Use Table 2.16 to map each four-digit group to its corresponding hexadecimal digit 4. Combine hexadecimal digits sequentially to form the equivalent hexadecimal number [ Hexadecimal to Denary ] 1. Convert each hexadecimal digit to equivalent denary value a. Draw table w/3 rows: Place value, Hexadecimal digit, Denary equivalent 2. Multiply each denary value by respective 16 N place values 3. Sum results of each place value [ Denary to Binary / Hexadecimal ] 1. Division by 2 / 16 1.1. Draw table w/3 columns: Denary | Quotient | Remainder 1.2. Fill in denary in the next empty row 1.3. Divide the denary number by 2 / 16 and fill quotient and remainder in same row 1.4. Repeat steps 1.2 and 1.3, where quotient is the new denary, until quotient is 0 1.5. Result is remainder column read from the bottom up (i.e. left/bottom → right/top) 2. Sum of Place Values 2.1. Write out place value of place value (i.e. 2 2 ,16 3 , their denary equivalent etc.) 2.2. Find highest place value <= denary number 2.3. Keep subtracting from the highest product place value possible 2.4. Add digit where necessary 2.4.1. Binary: 1 under place values that are subtracted, 0 under place values that are not 2.4.2. Hexadecimal: Number of tim