1. Paris Peace Conference and LON in the 1920s

Impact of WWI in Europe CC ☆ Causes of War Outbreak of War Militarism Aggressiveness + Confidence to wage war ↑ Aggressiveness Alliances Confidence to wage war + tension, fear, WR + aggressiveness ↑ Military Strength to wage war Imperialism/Expansionism ↑ Invasions = ↑ territories = ↑ resources to wage war → military strength to wage war → confidence to wage war ↑ Tension, fear (worsening relations) Nationalism Tension, fear, WR ↑ Invasions = ↑ territories = ↑ resources to wage war No Action from League of Nations or Major Powers Viewed Br. and Fr. as weak → Aggressiveness + Confidence to wage war ↑ Confidence to wage war ↑ Viewed 󰏅 and 󰏃 as weak Important Dates ☆ ★ 1882: Formation of Triple Alliance ★ 1907: Formation of Triple Entente ★ 1914: Start of WWI ★ 1917: October Revolution/Treaty of Brest-Litovsk ★ 11 November 1918: End of WWI (Defeat of 󰎲 ) ★ 28 June 1919: Treaty of Versailles ★ 1921: Washington Naval Conference ★ 1925: Locarno Treaties ★ 1928: Kellogg Briand Pact ★ 1934-1936: World Disarmament Conference Disputes ★ 1920: Finland & Sweden; Poland & Lithuania ★ 1921: Germany & Poland ★ 1920-1922: Greece & Turkey Key : Important, D efine , Ex ample , A nswer/CC , Date , Person, term , ↑ increased, ✿ resources

★ 1923: Italy & Greece; Germany & France ★ 1925: Greece & Bulgaria ★ 1931: Japan & China ★ 1935-1936: Italy & Abyssinia Important People ☆ Chaotic White Male Name Woodrow Wilson David Lloyd George George Clemenceau Vladimir Lenin Role President of 󰑔 PM of United Kingdom PM of 󰏃 Communist Party in USSR Causes of WWI Militarism How did ↑d militarism in Europe lead to WWI in Europe? D ● country should have strong military capability to defend or promote national interest ● by invading countries with raw materials & resources for industries producing weaponry and ships Ex Naval Arms Race ● whoever ‘rules the waves’ rules the world ○ 󰏅 had most powerful navy ○ 󰎲 wanted to build a bigger navy ● started a naval arms race with 󰏅 ○ build super battleships called Dreadnought ○ by 1914 , 󰏅 had 34, 󰎲 had 22 Ex Mass army; large scale arms production ● 󰎲 was competing with 󰏃 and Russia to expand armies ○ by 1914 , Russia had largest army - 1.4 million soldiers ○ British army put all over colonies to protect 󰏅 ’s overseas empire ● most of the European powers: compulsory military service & large-scale arms programmes A ● ↑Militarism ● ↑ Aggressiveness ● ↑ Military strength to wage war ● ↑ Invasions = ↑ territories = ↑ resources to wage war Key : Important, D efine , Ex ample , A nswer/CC , Date , Person, term , ↑ increased, ✿ resources

Alliances How did formation of alliances lead to WWI in Europe D ● alliance = mutual support in case of war ➢ rely on other countries to defend you in the event of an attack ➢ be less vulnerable ➢ achieve common interests; ↑ negotiation power Ex Triple Alliance ● 1882 ● Austria-Hungary, 󰎲 , Italy Ex Triple Entente ● 1907 ● 󰏃 , Russia and 󰏅 A ● ↑ tension, fear, WR ● ↑ confidence to wage war (in preparation for potential war) Imperialism/Expansionism How did imperialism/expansionism lead to WWI in Europe? D ● rivalry and competition for power and influence ● desire to conquer and control colonies ● needs manpower Ex ● 󰏅 had largest empire ○ determined to protect huge global empire and sea trade ○ feared 󰎲 ’s domination of continent & challenge to industrial and imperial supremacy A ● ↑ aggressiveness ● ↑ military strength to wage war ● ↑ tension, fear, WR ● ↑ invasions = ↑ territories = ↑resources to wage war ● ↑ confidence to wage war Nationalism How did nationalism lead to WWI in Europe? D ● feeling of pride in one’s country ★ common desire to unite ethnic groups ★ the desire for independence - self determination Ex ● 󰏃 wanted Alsace Lorraine back from 󰎲 who was lost in 1871 Franco-Prussian War Key : Important, D efine , Ex ample , A nswer/CC , Date , Person, term , ↑ increased, ✿ resources

Ex ● nationalist groups in Austria-Hungary and Serbia wanted independence ● unite follow Slavs in Bosnia which was annexed by A-H ● to from a Greater Serbia Ex ● Balkan states wanted independence from Russia, Turkey, A-H ● broke away from Ottoman empire to form new nation states e.g. Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania A ● ↑ tension, fear, WR CK: Treaty of Brest Litovsk ✿ ★ March 1918 ★ Russia’s treaty to end the war with 󰎲 ● February Revolution: food shortages and civil unrest led to abdication of the last Tsar of Russia in February 1917 ● October Revolution: temporary govt. overthrown by Communist Party led by Lenin in Oct 1917 ○ Lenin wanted to end the war CK: Defeat of 󰎲 ✿ ★ 󰎲 signed an armistice on November 11, 1918 to end hostilities 1. With Russia out of the war, German divisions transferred back to Western front. Leaders made them believe victory will be theirs. 2. The 󰑔 entered the war in 1917, strengthening the Allied troops with soldiers and equipment. 3. 󰎲 had lost many best officers and were poorly equipped as a result of the blockade 4. August 1918 : Allies counter-attacked. By September, 󰎲 had to make peace. 5. November 1918 : fearing an Allied invasion of 󰎲 , Kaiser abdicated and fled to Holland. 6. November 1918 : The new German Weimar Republic signed the armistice to end the war. ○ surrender and stop fighting for now ○ W.G. thought they will be consulted during Paris Peace Conference Key : Important, D efine , Ex ample , A nswer/CC , Date , Person, term , ↑ increased, ✿ resources

CK: Disarmament Treaties by LON 1921 Washington Naval Conference ● organised by 󰑔 concerned about rising Japan militarism in the East and international arms race; sought to prevent another war ● Britain, 󰑔 , Japan and 󰏃 , Italy agreed to set Naval disarmament; countries to maintain set ratio of warship tonnage Country Ratio of warship tonnage Britain 5 󰑔 5 Japan 4 󰏃 1.75 Italy 1.75 1925 Locarno Treaties ● European powers seek to improve relations with 󰎲 ● 󰎲 accepted the demilitarisation of Rhineland ● Treaty divided Europe into western borders but not the eastern borders ● 󰎲 promised to not go to war with any country ● brought 󰎲 into the LON in 1926 1928 Kellogg-Briand Pact ● initiated by 󰑔 and 󰏃 as the LON’s disarmament process was too slow ● 󰑔 and 󰏃 persuaded 65 countries to sign the pact agreeing not to resort to war and solve disputes peacefully ● promoted use of collective force to prevent aggression ● the pact said nothing about what would happen if a country was attacked!! ● some countries began to wage wars without declaring them ○ Japan’s invasion of Manchuria in 1931 ○ Italy’s invasion of Abyssinia in 1935 ○ Spanish Civil War in 1936 ○ no clear way to enforce the pact, hence ineffective Key : Important, D efine , Ex ample , A nswer/CC , Date , Person, term , ↑ increased, ✿ resources

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